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全國農(nóng)技中心印發(fā)《夏季病蟲害防控科學(xué)安全用藥指導(dǎo)意見》

2024-07-03 09:00:06 來源:全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心 閱讀量:16648 評論

導(dǎo)讀:為做好2024年夏季病蟲害防控科學(xué)安全用藥技術(shù)指導(dǎo),確保病蟲害防治效果,保障農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)安全、施藥者人身安全和生態(tài)環(huán)境安全,減少人畜中毒事件發(fā)生,全國農(nóng)技中心特制定本指導(dǎo)意見。

  【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 熱點(diǎn)關(guān)注】 為做好2024年夏季病蟲害防控科學(xué)安全用藥技術(shù)指導(dǎo),確保病蟲害防治效果,保障農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)安全、施藥者人身安全和生態(tài)環(huán)境安全,減少人畜中毒事件發(fā)生,全國農(nóng)技中心特制定本指導(dǎo)意見。
 
  科學(xué)使用農(nóng)藥
 
  (一)對癥用藥。正確識別水稻、玉米、大豆等秋熟作物病蟲害是科學(xué)安全用藥、確保防治效果的前提。要密切關(guān)注病蟲害發(fā)生動(dòng)態(tài),正確識別病蟲害種類,選擇對路的農(nóng)藥品種。要選擇對環(huán)境友好的高效低毒低殘留農(nóng)藥,嚴(yán)禁使用禁限用農(nóng)藥品種,做到對癥用藥。
 
  (二)適期用藥。根據(jù)不同病蟲害的發(fā)生規(guī)律、特點(diǎn)和農(nóng)藥使用特性,選擇適宜時(shí)期開展施藥防治。害蟲在卵孵高峰至低齡幼蟲期防治,病害在發(fā)病前或發(fā)病初期防治,雜草莖葉噴霧在2—5葉期防治。
 
  (三)足量用藥。嚴(yán)格按照農(nóng)藥標(biāo)簽標(biāo)記的用藥量足量使用,既保證防治效果,又不容易刺激病蟲害加速產(chǎn)生抗藥性。藥液量應(yīng)根據(jù)防治對象、發(fā)生程度、作物生育期和不同植保機(jī)械來掌握。
 
  (四)科學(xué)輪換或混配用藥。合理輪換或合理混用不同作用機(jī)理的農(nóng)藥,可延緩病蟲害抗藥性的產(chǎn)生,提高防治效果。一般每個(gè)農(nóng)藥品種(有效成分)在一個(gè)作物生長季使用次數(shù)不超過2次,并與其它不同作用機(jī)理的農(nóng)藥交替輪換使用。混合后出現(xiàn)乳劑破壞、絮結(jié)或大量沉淀的農(nóng)藥,不能相互混配。
 
  (五)合理施藥。夏季適宜施藥時(shí)間為上午5—9點(diǎn)和下午4—8點(diǎn),上午10點(diǎn)至下午3點(diǎn)期間不宜施藥;風(fēng)力3級以上或下雨天氣不宜施藥。施藥人員每天施藥時(shí)間一般不得超過6個(gè)小時(shí)。針對玉米等高稈作物病蟲害防治,鼓勵(lì)由病蟲害專業(yè)化防治組織使用植保無人飛機(jī)、自走式噴桿噴霧機(jī)等高效植保機(jī)械在適宜的時(shí)間開展作業(yè),避免人背施藥機(jī)械進(jìn)入密閉環(huán)境施藥。
 
  (六)遵守農(nóng)藥安全間隔期。施用農(nóng)藥時(shí),要嚴(yán)格遵守農(nóng)藥標(biāo)簽標(biāo)注的農(nóng)藥安全間隔期,特別是蔬菜、水果等夏季鮮食農(nóng)產(chǎn)品用藥,不滿足農(nóng)藥安全間隔期要求的不再施藥,避免農(nóng)藥殘留超標(biāo)。
 
  安全施用農(nóng)藥
 
  (一)精準(zhǔn)施藥,確保防控作業(yè)安全。對于采用植保無人飛機(jī)開展夏季病蟲害防治的,要確保飛行安全和用藥安全。一是加強(qiáng)對植保機(jī)械的測試與檢修。飛防作業(yè)前要對植保無人飛機(jī)進(jìn)行測試與檢修,重點(diǎn)測試噴頭流量和噴施均勻度,全面檢修機(jī)具。二是做好飛防藥劑的選擇。飛防藥劑要選擇高效、環(huán)境友好型的藥劑品種,優(yōu)先選擇微乳劑、可溶液劑、水分散粒劑、懸浮劑等劑型,禁止在蜜源植物開花期和水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖場所、水源地附近開展航空施藥,以防造成農(nóng)作物藥害,產(chǎn)生飄移污染周邊環(huán)境和魚類、蜜蜂、家蠶等非靶標(biāo)生物的中毒事件。三是做好航空施藥安全管理。在開展飛防作業(yè)前,向養(yǎng)蜂人、養(yǎng)蠶人、周邊農(nóng)田的農(nóng)戶、家畜場主以及附近環(huán)境敏感場所等發(fā)布航空施藥預(yù)先警示。開展飛防作業(yè)時(shí),要嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行安全作業(yè)有關(guān)規(guī)定,當(dāng)風(fēng)速、風(fēng)向、溫度、相對濕度、時(shí)間等因素不適合時(shí),立即停止施藥。在噴霧作業(yè)結(jié)束后,應(yīng)根據(jù)農(nóng)藥標(biāo)簽上的建議,及時(shí)在處理過的地塊周圍樹立警示標(biāo)志,在規(guī)定時(shí)間內(nèi)警示人和牲畜不得進(jìn)入施藥地塊。
 
  (二)做好防護(hù),嚴(yán)防中毒事件發(fā)生。施藥人員要穿戴好防護(hù)用品,如防護(hù)帽、口罩、手套、靴子及專業(yè)防護(hù)服等,嚴(yán)格遵守施藥操作規(guī)程。噴施農(nóng)藥時(shí),施藥人員要始終處于上風(fēng)位置,做到順風(fēng)隔行施藥,施藥過程中不飲食、不吸煙,施藥后要及時(shí)清潔身體、更換衣物,并將噴霧器械清洗干凈。禁止用盛藥水的桶直接下井、下河、下池取水,禁止用手?jǐn)嚢杷幰骸和?、孕婦和哺乳期的婦女不得噴施農(nóng)藥或接觸有毒藥劑。
 
  施藥人員一旦出現(xiàn)頭暈、惡心、呼吸急促、出汗流涎等癥狀,要立即停止噴藥,離開作業(yè)場所到空氣清新的環(huán)境中去,脫去受污染的衣服,并用清水洗凈皮膚。如果中毒狀況較嚴(yán)重,應(yīng)撥打國家疾病預(yù)防控制中心24小時(shí)中毒急救熱線(010—83132345)咨詢,并持農(nóng)藥標(biāo)簽及時(shí)到醫(yī)院診治。
 
  (三)及時(shí)補(bǔ)救,減輕藥害損失。在噴施除草劑時(shí),應(yīng)加裝保護(hù)罩,注意選用對臨近作物和下茬作物安全性高的除草劑品種,并嚴(yán)格控制使用劑量。如果發(fā)生除草劑藥害,可在作物葉面及時(shí)噴施吲哚丁酸、蕓苔素內(nèi)酯、赤霉酸、磷酸二氫鉀等緩解藥害。同時(shí),加強(qiáng)水肥管理,促根壯苗,增強(qiáng)抗逆性,促進(jìn)農(nóng)作物快速恢復(fù)生長。
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