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水稻苗床病害防治技術(shù)

2024-05-02 09:33:43 來源：黑龍江省農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村廳 閱讀量：11115 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀：近期氣候條件利于水稻苗床病害發(fā)生，各地要高度重視，密切關(guān)注天氣情況，加強(qiáng)水稻苗床管理。

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 黑龍江省水稻苗床病害以立枯病、青枯病和綿腐病為主。近期氣候條件利于水稻苗床病害發(fā)生，各地要高度重視，密切關(guān)注天氣情況，加強(qiáng)水稻苗床管理，及時(shí)指導(dǎo)稻農(nóng)積極采取預(yù)防措施，開展早期防治，有效控制水稻苗床病害，培育壯苗。
 
　　一、水稻立枯病
 
　　水稻立枯病屬土傳病害，主要由鐮孢屬(Fusariumspp.)、立枯絲核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)等弱寄生真菌侵染引起，多發(fā)生于立針期或三葉期前后，受到病菌侵害后的秧苗心葉枯黃，葉片不展。根據(jù)發(fā)病時(shí)期不同，可以分為3種類型：①芽腐：主要在稻苗出土前或者剛出土?xí)r發(fā)病，種子(芽根)產(chǎn)生霉?fàn)罨蛐鯛钗?，病芽扭曲、腐爛死亡；②針腐：多發(fā)生在立針期至2葉期，病苗心葉枯黃，基部和根部黃褐色，莖基部柔軟易折斷，葉鞘具褐色斑塊，拔出發(fā)病的秧苗時(shí)莖基部易斷裂，秧苗在苗床上不規(guī)則簇生；③黃枯：多發(fā)生在2.5葉期前后，發(fā)病初期葉片萎蔫變黃，成穴狀擴(kuò)散至整個(gè)幼苗，出現(xiàn)矮化和卷曲等癥狀，最后枯萎死亡。
 
　　二、水稻青枯病
 
　　水稻青枯病是一種生理性病害，主要因環(huán)境條件惡劣和管理措施不當(dāng)而使秧苗水分蒸騰和吸水失調(diào)，最終導(dǎo)致全株枯死。一般該病始于稻苗生長(zhǎng)的2～2.5葉期，于3葉期時(shí)嚴(yán)重發(fā)病。發(fā)病初期植株并無明顯變化，葉片呈暗綠色，中午會(huì)呈現(xiàn)卷筒狀，但早晚仍可恢復(fù)，若防治不及時(shí)則會(huì)使植株萎蔫死亡。該病發(fā)展迅速，1～2天內(nèi)就會(huì)大面積發(fā)生，導(dǎo)致秧苗成片枯死。由于沒有病菌侵入，枯死植株的莖基部呈現(xiàn)腐爛狀，根毛稀少。根系的顏色變暗，甚至一簇一簇地死苗，最后導(dǎo)致整片植株枯死，拔出秧苗時(shí)可連根拔起而不折斷。
 
　　三、水稻綿腐病
 
　　水稻綿腐病致病菌為卵菌，以綿霉屬(Achlyaspp.)為主，多見于秧田。初在幼芽、幼根基部穎殼裂縫處出現(xiàn)乳白色膠狀物，隨后向四周長(zhǎng)出白色放射狀絮狀物。受害稻種內(nèi)部腐爛，不能成苗，或成苗不久就枯死。
 
　　防治建議：
 
　　1.加強(qiáng)苗床管理。一是做好通風(fēng)煉苗。及時(shí)通風(fēng)，科學(xué)調(diào)控溫濕度，防止秧苗徒長(zhǎng)，提高抗病性。秧苗1.5～2.5葉期棚內(nèi)溫度控制在25～28℃，2.5～3.5葉期控制在22～25℃，3.5葉期后控制在20℃，棚內(nèi)溫度超過上限應(yīng)及時(shí)通風(fēng)。夜間棚內(nèi)溫度要控制在7℃以上，遇到低溫時(shí)，要增加覆蓋物，及時(shí)保溫。應(yīng)背風(fēng)式通風(fēng)和逐步由小到大通風(fēng)，避免穿堂風(fēng)。通風(fēng)宜在清晨5:30左右開始，不宜過晚，晴天、陰天合理把握通風(fēng)時(shí)間。二是加強(qiáng)水分管理。秧苗2葉期前不旱不干不澆水，控制苗床濕度，但當(dāng)早晚葉尖無露珠，午間個(gè)別新葉片打卷、床土表面發(fā)白應(yīng)及時(shí)補(bǔ)水；秧苗2葉期以后床土易干旱，應(yīng)及時(shí)澆水，一次性澆足澆透。如遇長(zhǎng)時(shí)間低溫、陰雨、光照不足天氣，盡量不澆大水，避免高濕低溫降低抗逆性。提倡早澆晚不澆，且防病、調(diào)酸、施肥等作業(yè)一次進(jìn)行，以減少澆水次數(shù)。
 
　　2.科學(xué)做好藥劑防治。水稻秧苗1葉1心至2葉1心期或立枯病發(fā)病初期施藥是防病的重要關(guān)口，可選用噁霉靈、甲霜·噁霉靈或精甲·噁霉靈、枯草芽孢桿菌等藥劑噴霧防治。為使藥劑到達(dá)根部發(fā)揮藥效，噴藥后建議洗苗。若秧苗3葉期左右發(fā)生青枯病，發(fā)病較輕或稻苗出現(xiàn)輕微打卷時(shí)，不要在氣溫高時(shí)突然進(jìn)行大通風(fēng)，應(yīng)當(dāng)在出太陽前進(jìn)行小通風(fēng)，采用蓋無紡布遮光等方法控制床內(nèi)溫度，避免驟升驟降，讓稻苗逐漸適應(yīng)環(huán)境，再逐漸擴(kuò)大通風(fēng)量。青枯病發(fā)生較重的可灌水后蓋無紡布緩解，臨近插秧的應(yīng)及早異地寄秧緩解。發(fā)生綿腐病的苗床，可在發(fā)病初期使用精甲霜靈、氰霜唑、硫酸銅或堿式硫酸銅苗床噴霧。

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