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小麥“三病一蟲(chóng)”防控技術(shù)要點(diǎn)
2024-04-22
09:09:19
來(lái)源:全國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心 閱讀量:19539
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導(dǎo)讀:據(jù)預(yù)測(cè)分析,今年小麥赤霉病、莖基腐病、蚜蟲(chóng)總體呈偏重發(fā)生趨勢(shì)。
【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 小麥“三病一蟲(chóng)”(條銹病、赤霉病、莖基腐病、蚜蟲(chóng))是我國(guó)小麥上發(fā)生范圍廣、重發(fā)頻率高、危害損失重的主要病蟲(chóng),其中條銹病、赤霉病、蚜蟲(chóng)為我國(guó)一類病蟲(chóng)害,莖基腐病近年擴(kuò)展蔓延迅速。據(jù)預(yù)測(cè)分析,今年小麥赤霉病、莖基腐病、蚜蟲(chóng)總體呈偏重發(fā)生趨勢(shì),條銹病在局部麥區(qū)偏重流行,對(duì)小麥單產(chǎn)提升和豐產(chǎn)豐收構(gòu)成嚴(yán)重威脅。為經(jīng)濟(jì)、綠色、高效控制小麥“三病一蟲(chóng)”危害,特制定防控技術(shù)要點(diǎn)。
一、小麥條銹病
西北、西南越夏區(qū)。實(shí)施“帶藥偵查”,發(fā)現(xiàn)病葉立即噴藥防治,嚴(yán)防病害擴(kuò)散蔓延。同時(shí)加大條銹菌有性世代治理力度,通過(guò)“鏟、噴、封”措施,鏟除麥田周邊50米內(nèi)小檗,在小檗上銹菌孢子成熟擴(kuò)散前噴施殺菌劑,對(duì)小麥秸稈進(jìn)行封垛處理,阻斷條銹菌在小麥—小檗間轉(zhuǎn)主危害,防止病菌生理小種變異。春季一旦出現(xiàn)流行勢(shì)頭,及時(shí)選用戊唑醇、氟環(huán)唑等藥劑噴霧防治,控制病害流行危害。
西南、漢水流域等冬繁區(qū)。春季全面落實(shí)“帶藥偵查、發(fā)現(xiàn)一點(diǎn)、控制一片”打點(diǎn)保面控制措施,壓低菌源基數(shù),降低后期大面積流行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。一旦田間出現(xiàn)發(fā)病中心,立即組織聯(lián)防聯(lián)控、統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治,有效減輕當(dāng)?shù)匚:?,減少菌源向黃淮、江淮等小麥主產(chǎn)區(qū)傳播擴(kuò)散。
黃淮海春季流行區(qū)。加強(qiáng)監(jiān)測(cè)調(diào)查和預(yù)報(bào)預(yù)警,一旦見(jiàn)病,立即組織全面普查,打點(diǎn)保面、嚴(yán)控發(fā)病中心;當(dāng)田間病葉率達(dá)到0.5%—1%時(shí),及時(shí)組織統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治,選用戊唑醇、氟環(huán)唑、丙環(huán)唑、已唑醇等藥劑噴霧,遏制病害大面積流行。
二、小麥赤霉病
長(zhǎng)江流域、江淮、黃淮南部常發(fā)區(qū)。全面落實(shí)“見(jiàn)花打藥”藥劑預(yù)防措施,施藥后如遇連陰雨、長(zhǎng)時(shí)間結(jié)露等適宜病害流行天氣,應(yīng)在第一次用藥后5—7天內(nèi)進(jìn)行第二次防治。在多菌靈產(chǎn)生抗性地區(qū),可選用氰烯菌酯、戊唑醇、丙硫菌唑、氟唑菌酰羥胺、葉菌唑等高效藥劑防治,以提高預(yù)防效,降低真菌毒素污染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。要采取輪換用藥等措施,延緩抗藥性產(chǎn)生。農(nóng)藥劑型上推薦選用耐雨水沖刷的超微粉等。
黃淮北部、華北等偶發(fā)區(qū)。加強(qiáng)監(jiān)測(cè)和水肥管理,密切關(guān)注抽穗揚(yáng)花期天氣變化,一旦遇適宜病害發(fā)生氣候條件,應(yīng)抓住小麥抽穗至揚(yáng)花初期關(guān)鍵時(shí)期,選用多菌靈、氰烯菌酯、戊唑醇、丙硫菌唑等藥劑,及時(shí)預(yù)防。
三、小麥莖基腐病
在秋播拌種處理的基礎(chǔ)上,早春結(jié)合紋枯病防控,噴施丙硫菌唑、丙硫唑、丙環(huán)唑、吡唑醚菌酯、葉菌唑、氰烯菌酯、戊唑醇、苯醚甲環(huán)唑、氯氟醚菌唑等對(duì)路藥劑,控制病害發(fā)展蔓延。施藥時(shí)最好使用自走式噴桿
噴霧機(jī)或背負(fù)式
噴霧器,適當(dāng)加大用水量,注意調(diào)低噴頭高度并控制方向,重點(diǎn)噴施小麥莖基部。
四、小麥蚜蟲(chóng)
返青拔節(jié)期重點(diǎn)做好蟲(chóng)情監(jiān)測(cè),發(fā)揮天敵自然控害作用。點(diǎn)片發(fā)生時(shí)及時(shí)進(jìn)行挑治,當(dāng)田間百株蚜量200頭以上時(shí)采取藥劑防治。
小麥抽穗—灌漿期,當(dāng)田間百穗蚜量達(dá)到800頭以上,天敵與麥蚜比例小于1∶150時(shí),可用選擇性
殺蟲(chóng)劑如吡蟲(chóng)啉、啶蟲(chóng)脒、氯氟•噻蟲(chóng)胺等化學(xué)藥劑噴霧防治,或選用苦參堿等生物農(nóng)藥防治,有條件的地區(qū)可釋放蚜繭蜂等天敵開(kāi)展生物防治。
小麥生長(zhǎng)后期,可結(jié)合小麥條銹病、赤霉病、白粉病等多種病蟲(chóng)的防治和“一噴三防”作業(yè),添加抗蚜威、新煙堿類藥劑開(kāi)展統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治。施藥機(jī)械要選用噴桿噴霧機(jī)、植保無(wú)人飛機(jī)等高效施藥機(jī)械和小孔徑噴頭噴霧,添加相應(yīng)的功能助劑,確保防治效果。
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