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肉牛養(yǎng)殖降本增效技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見

2024-07-03 09:26:50 來(lái)源：國(guó)家肉牛牦牛產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系 閱讀量：11741 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀：農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部畜牧獸醫(yī)局組織國(guó)家肉牛牦牛產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系總結(jié)了地方提高肉牛綜合生產(chǎn)能力的有效做法，形成如下技術(shù)指導(dǎo)建議，供廣大養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)戶參考。

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 今年以來(lái)，肉牛價(jià)格持續(xù)低迷，養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)戶普遍虧損。為幫助廣大養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)戶降本增效，穩(wěn)定基礎(chǔ)產(chǎn)能，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部畜牧獸醫(yī)局組織國(guó)家肉牛牦牛產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系總結(jié)了地方提高肉牛綜合生產(chǎn)能力的有效做法，形成如下技術(shù)指導(dǎo)建議，供廣大養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)戶參考。
 
　　一、科學(xué)選種用種，提高種質(zhì)效益
 
　　目前國(guó)內(nèi)肉牛市場(chǎng)對(duì)牛種大致有“增重型”與“肉質(zhì)型”兩個(gè)需求方向。選種時(shí)，除了考慮飼料轉(zhuǎn)化率、抗病能力、生長(zhǎng)速度、育肥效果以及環(huán)境適應(yīng)性等因素外，需要結(jié)合不同生產(chǎn)和經(jīng)營(yíng)目的科學(xué)選種。
 
　　“增重型”品種有西門塔爾、夏洛來(lái)、利木贊牛等引進(jìn)品種及其雜交牛，以及國(guó)內(nèi)培育的夏南牛、云嶺牛、華西牛等及其雜交牛。“肉質(zhì)型”品種有和牛、安格斯等引進(jìn)品種及其雜交牛，以及我國(guó)本地黃牛及其與“肉質(zhì)型”品種的雜交牛。
 
　　針對(duì)不同市場(chǎng)需求，一般采取純種或品種間雜交等技術(shù)手段，配套科學(xué)養(yǎng)殖生產(chǎn)技術(shù)，將所選品種的優(yōu)勢(shì)或雜交優(yōu)勢(shì)最大限度發(fā)揮出來(lái)。同時(shí)，以市場(chǎng)為導(dǎo)向制定生產(chǎn)和經(jīng)營(yíng)計(jì)劃，調(diào)整牛種和牛群結(jié)構(gòu)，適當(dāng)淘汰老齡低產(chǎn)母牛，有條件的養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)戶可補(bǔ)充優(yōu)質(zhì)母牛，增優(yōu)去劣，量身定制自身特色的選種用種策略和技術(shù)方案。
 
　　二、科學(xué)利用飼料資源，降低飼養(yǎng)成本
 
　　“就地、就近”采購(gòu)存儲(chǔ)飼草料原料和因地制宜放牧補(bǔ)飼，是降低飼養(yǎng)成本的基礎(chǔ)。根據(jù)品種和生產(chǎn)目標(biāo)科學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)日糧，并適時(shí)調(diào)整飼料配方和飼喂量，采取差異化飼喂，節(jié)約飼養(yǎng)成本。
 
　　利用廉價(jià)且營(yíng)養(yǎng)含量較高的原料包括各種酒糟、醬油醋糟、果渣等糟渣類和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工等副產(chǎn)品，以及提高玉米全株青貯質(zhì)量，可以節(jié)約能量飼料用量。低值粗飼料可通過(guò)揉搓、切短、發(fā)酵等方式提高適口性和利用率。
 
　　具有飼料配方設(shè)計(jì)和加工調(diào)制能力的生產(chǎn)主體，可采用瘤胃降解蛋白/過(guò)瘤胃蛋白比(RDP/RUP)和能氮平衡的日糧配方技術(shù)，采用全混合日糧(TMR)飼喂，提高飼料轉(zhuǎn)化利用效率。母牛帶犢飼養(yǎng)養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)戶，要注重提高犢牛成活率，降低飼料和人工成本，可采取犢牛欄與母牛欄隔開，犢牛可自由出入，便于犢牛哺乳和采食專用飼料。
 
　　三、加強(qiáng)疫病預(yù)防與治療，保障牛群健康
 
　　加強(qiáng)布魯氏菌病等人畜共患病的防控和凈化，尤其在種牛場(chǎng)和核心育種場(chǎng)有效開展牛布魯氏菌病和結(jié)核病的凈化。制定科學(xué)合理的免疫程序，對(duì)口蹄疫、牛結(jié)節(jié)性皮膚病、牛流行熱、牛傳染性鼻氣管炎、牛病毒性腹瀉、梭菌病、牛巴氏桿菌病等實(shí)施有效的免疫預(yù)防。針對(duì)牛呼吸疾病綜合征和犢牛腹瀉等多病原混合感染的常發(fā)病，通過(guò)早診斷和早治療以提高療效?；谙募炯纳x病多發(fā)特點(diǎn)，定期開展預(yù)防性和治療性驅(qū)蟲，以防止內(nèi)、外寄生蟲傳播。
 
　　建立完善的生物安全體系，保持牛舍清潔干燥，通過(guò)隔離、消毒和廢棄物無(wú)害化處理等措施，有效阻斷病原體輸入和場(chǎng)內(nèi)傳播。通過(guò)調(diào)整日糧配方、預(yù)防性用藥或添加益生菌、飼喂抗應(yīng)激飼料等，落實(shí)好運(yùn)輸、分娩、斷奶、轉(zhuǎn)群等環(huán)節(jié)的抗應(yīng)激措施。南方地區(qū)做好防暑降溫工作，不喂霉變劣質(zhì)飼料，預(yù)防瘤胃酸中毒。
 
　　四、優(yōu)化生產(chǎn)工藝，提升養(yǎng)殖效率
 
　　優(yōu)化體況評(píng)定、發(fā)情監(jiān)測(cè)、妊檢、母牛帶犢等技術(shù)，提高母牛受胎率和產(chǎn)犢率，降低繁育成本。采用新生犢牛培育技術(shù)，降低犢牛死淘率。
 
　　加強(qiáng)極端氣候條件下的環(huán)境調(diào)控，降低冷熱應(yīng)激效應(yīng)。夏季高溫條件下，應(yīng)確保提供充足的清潔飲水，調(diào)整飼喂時(shí)間至早晨和晚上，避開中午的高溫時(shí)段，并定期清理飼槽以防止飼料變質(zhì)，避免引發(fā)消化系統(tǒng)問(wèn)題。針對(duì)圍欄牛舍可采用網(wǎng)簾遮陽(yáng)等技術(shù)，對(duì)開放及半開放牛舍應(yīng)加強(qiáng)自然通風(fēng)，有條件的可采用機(jī)械通風(fēng)或噴淋等方式輔助降溫。濕熱多雨地區(qū)的牛舍屋檐高度不低于4m，屋檐加裝板材平延牛床外1.5m，可遮陽(yáng)和預(yù)防潲雨。寒冷環(huán)境下應(yīng)防風(fēng)保溫，可采用防風(fēng)墻御寒、保溫加熱恒溫飲水(20℃溫水)、鋪設(shè)厚墊草等技術(shù)措施。
 
　　糞污按照土地承載能力和條件，最好就地就近直接堆肥還田，實(shí)施種養(yǎng)結(jié)合。根據(jù)資源稟賦，生產(chǎn)特色有機(jī)肥料；結(jié)合養(yǎng)殖工藝，推進(jìn)牛糞墊料化、燃料化利用。

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