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瑞雪兆豐年 大雪時節(jié)話農(nóng)事

2018-12-07 13:44:51 來源：中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)整理發(fā)布 閱讀量：26296 評論

導(dǎo)讀：“瑞雪兆豐年”，今日，杭州上海等地都迎來了2018年的初雪，而今天也恰好是農(nóng)歷二十四節(jié)氣中的第二十一節(jié)氣——大雪，標(biāo)志著仲冬時節(jié)的正式開始?！对铝钇呤蚣狻氛f：“大雪，十一月節(jié)。大者，盛也。至此而雪盛矣?！边@里大雪的意思是天氣更冷，降雪的可能性比小雪時更大了，并不指降雪量一定很大。

　　【中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 地方農(nóng)機(jī)】“瑞雪兆豐年”，今日，杭州上海等地都迎來了2018年的初雪，而今天也恰好是農(nóng)歷二十四節(jié)氣中的第二十一節(jié)氣——大雪，標(biāo)志著仲冬時節(jié)的正式開始?！对铝钇呤蚣狻氛f：“大雪，十一月節(jié)。大者，盛也。至此而雪盛矣。”這里大雪的意思是天氣更冷，降雪的可能性比小雪時更大了，并不指降雪量一定很大。
 
　　“萬山凋敝黯無華，四面嘶鳴晃樹杈。白雪欲求吟詠句，穿枝掠院演梅花(左河水)”。在這個時候，除華南和云南南部無冬區(qū)外，我國大部分地區(qū)的低溫度都降到了0℃或以下，甚至東北、西北地區(qū)平均氣溫已達(dá)-10℃以下。
 
　　我們在小時候就有學(xué)過“今冬麥蓋三層被，來年枕著饅頭睡”，這是因?yàn)楫?dāng)嚴(yán)冬積雪覆蓋大地的時候，能夠保持地面及作物周圍的溫度不會因寒流侵襲而降得很低，為冬作物創(chuàng)造了良好的越冬環(huán)境。積雪融化時又增加了土壤水分含量，雪水中氮化物的含量是普通雨水的5倍，有一定的肥田作用，滿足了作物春季生長的營養(yǎng)及水分需要?？梢哉f，冬季的大雪對我國的農(nóng)事活動具有重要意義。
 
　　由于南北方地區(qū)氣候差異巨大的特點(diǎn)，我國南北方主要農(nóng)事活動也存在著差異性。對于北方而言，重要的是加強(qiáng)冬小麥的中耕管理，劃鋤保墑、增溫除草，以及趁地封凍未牢，抓緊冬耕。大雪時節(jié)北方忌無雪，若降雪不及時的話，還需要農(nóng)民抓住時機(jī)適時冬灌，以提高小麥越冬能力；而大雪時節(jié)如果伴有降溫、暴雪、凍雨、霧凇、流凌等天氣災(zāi)害，也需要及時松土增肥、蓄水提溫、加強(qiáng)中后期管理，力爭把凍害損失減小到低限度。此外，“大雪紛紛是旱年，造塘修倉莫等閑”，興修水利、修渠挖溝、修理欄舍、修剪果木、清塘深挖、積肥造肥、糧食入倉等農(nóng)事活動也*。
 
　　而在江淮以南的地區(qū)，小麥、油菜等作物還在緩慢生長期，要注意施好肥，為安全越冬和來春生長打好基礎(chǔ)。華南、西南小麥進(jìn)入分蘗期，應(yīng)結(jié)合中耕施好分蘗肥，注意冬作物的清溝排水。這時天氣雖冷，但貯藏的蔬菜和薯類要勤于檢查，適時通風(fēng)，不可將窖封閉太死，以免升溫過高，濕度過大導(dǎo)致爛窖，在不受凍害的前提下應(yīng)盡可能地保持較低的溫度。
 
　　主要農(nóng)事活動：
 
　　一、疏苗、補(bǔ)苗。對直播油菜，特別是點(diǎn)播的油菜，由于天氣干旱，播種量偏大，而且出苗不勻，缺苗斷壟比較普遍，對疙瘩苗要抓緊疏苗，以免苗擠苗，形成弱苗。應(yīng)去小留大，把間掉的苗子栽在缺苗處，補(bǔ)栽時要帶水，促進(jìn)早成活。
 
　　二、中耕、培土。中耕具有增溫、保墑、除草、防病治蟲、疏松土壤，促進(jìn)根系生長等多種功效。所以，油菜田要勤中耕，多中耕。結(jié)合中耕還要進(jìn)行培土，特別是對高腳苗更要培土，不僅可以減輕凍害，還可以防止倒伏。注意把高腳部分，特別是根頸全部埋入土中。
 
　　三、追施臘肥。油菜追肥以土雜肥為主，結(jié)合冬前后一次中耕將肥料施于油菜根部，可先追肥，再壅根培土。也可以撒草木灰、澆糞水等。
 
　　四、覆蓋防凍。覆蓋秸稈能夠防凍，抑制雜草生長，秸稈腐爛后可以改善土壤理化性狀，提高土壤肥力，同時也改善了環(huán)境。對直播油菜、晚播油菜還可以覆蓋秸稈，均勻覆蓋在油菜行間。
 
　　五、摘除早苔。由于今年秋季溫度偏高，對早移栽的油菜和春性偏強(qiáng)的品種容易出現(xiàn)早苔現(xiàn)象，應(yīng)及早摘苔。摘苔要選晴天進(jìn)行，摘去生長點(diǎn)，抑制主莖生長，促進(jìn)分枝生長。
 
　　六、化學(xué)調(diào)控。對播栽早、長勢旺、有徒長趨勢的油菜田在越冬前可噴施多效唑，一般每畝用15%的多效唑100克對水40公斤噴施，具有控旺和預(yù)防凍害的作用。
 
　　七、清理“三溝”。對已開好“三溝”的，要進(jìn)行清溝，未開溝的要抓緊開好“三溝”，并使溝溝相通，有利于來年的灌溉排澇。
 
　　八、果樹修剪、封園。大部分果樹在冬季進(jìn)入休眠期，仍要進(jìn)行管理、修剪。幼齡樹還應(yīng)做好拉枝作業(yè)，通過冬季修剪,把樹冠培養(yǎng)成合理的豐產(chǎn)樹形。合理的封園能有效地降低果園的病蟲越冬基數(shù)。落葉果樹可在冬季修剪后清除果園枯枝、病葉、僵果、殘葉等。
 
　　九、畜牧農(nóng)事。對畜禽的欄舍進(jìn)行一次全面檢修，以提高舍內(nèi)溫度；不宜喂給冰凍飼料和冷水；牛羊草食動物，要適當(dāng)補(bǔ)充精飼料和人工牧草；密切注意疫情，做好畜舍的消毒隔離。
 
　　本文由中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)整理發(fā)布，如有侵權(quán)或異議請聯(lián)系我們。

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