世界清潔地球日漫談之水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖業(yè)污染

2018-09-13 17:36:23 來源：中國農(nóng)機網(wǎng)原創(chuàng) 作者：四夕 閱讀量：54795 評論

　　【中國農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 編輯視角】1987年，澳大利亞人伊恩基南先生駕單人帆船環(huán)繞地球時，看到漂浮在海上的垃圾，回到悉尼后，他就在朋友的幫助下發(fā)起了“清潔悉尼港日”(1989)。此后，在1990年有30萬志愿者參與了新一輪的清潔澳大利亞日。1993年，在得到聯(lián)合國環(huán)境規(guī)劃署(UNEP)支持后，世界清潔日次舉辦。自此，世界清潔日成為性社區(qū)活動。
 
　　既然伊恩基南先生發(fā)起世界清潔地球日的初衷是看到了海上垃圾，那么，我們今天就回到“水”來聊聊這個節(jié)日。水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖是在人為控制下繁殖、培育和收獲水生動植物的生產(chǎn)活動，一般包括在人工飼養(yǎng)管理下從苗種養(yǎng)成水產(chǎn)品的全過程。水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖可能會造成大量殘餌、肥料、漁藥(違禁漁藥和化學(xué)制劑)引起的水環(huán)境惡化和破壞，以及大量病死魚的亂處理引發(fā)的空氣和水體的雙重污染。
 
　　秋與蟹：螃蟹養(yǎng)殖
 
　　俗話說“秋風(fēng)起，蟹腳癢，菊花開，聞蟹來”，轉(zhuǎn)眼又到了螃蟹大軍“橫行霸道”的季節(jié)，香辣蟹、清蒸蟹、蟹黃包、花蟹粥……那么，我們就來談?wù)勼π返酿B(yǎng)殖。螃蟹的生長對環(huán)境的要求較高，單水質(zhì)而言，大閘蟹喜清澈，溶氧充足的水體，厭惡肥水、污水以及缺氧嚴(yán)重的水體。
 
　　在高溫期的時候，由于此階段水溫高、氣候多變、投餌量大、排泄物多，極易導(dǎo)致螃蟹的適應(yīng)力下降。另外，糞便、殘餌、動植物尸體及光照不足等原因也可能導(dǎo)致螃蟹塘底部環(huán)境惡化，水草的凈化作用減弱甚至死亡腐爛更是使得疾病多發(fā)且傳播迅速，極為不利螃蟹的養(yǎng)殖。
 
　　水體環(huán)境惡化，螃蟹養(yǎng)殖不利，可以說是“雙輸”的局面了。因此，哪怕是為了在餐桌上見到更加新鮮和健康的螃蟹，也應(yīng)該做好水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖時的環(huán)境保護工作。合理放養(yǎng)密度，合理套養(yǎng)養(yǎng)殖品種；科學(xué)投喂，減少飼料的浪費和水體污染；規(guī)范使用漁藥，注重水質(zhì)調(diào)節(jié)；在投餌養(yǎng)魚的同時養(yǎng)水，加強對養(yǎng)殖水體環(huán)境的監(jiān)察和管理；探索科學(xué)養(yǎng)殖方式，保障可持續(xù)發(fā)展；對于環(huán)境和水體的雙重污染引起重視。
 
　　水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖業(yè)相關(guān)機械
 
　　日前，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部辦公廳發(fā)布了關(guān)于做好第二次全國水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖業(yè)污染源普查有關(guān)工作的通知，要求摸清水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖業(yè)污染源的基本信息，獲取基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)，并了解和掌握水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖業(yè)污染物的產(chǎn)排情況、排放規(guī)律和主要影響因子，做好各養(yǎng)殖模式養(yǎng)殖尾水的化學(xué)需氧量、總氮、總磷、氨氮等涉水污染物排放量監(jiān)測。相關(guān)的水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖機械又有哪些呢？
 
　　水質(zhì)檢測儀器：顧名思義，是為了加強對污水排放的監(jiān)測而用來分析水質(zhì)成分含量的專業(yè)儀表，主要測量水中的BOD、COD、氨氮、總磷、總氮、濁度、PH、溶解氧等項目。其原理是通過電化學(xué)反應(yīng)或者化學(xué)藥劑反應(yīng)使水中的相應(yīng)物質(zhì)參與其中，然后通過比色法、滴定法、電導(dǎo)率測量等方式計算出水中相應(yīng)物質(zhì)的含量。
 
　　水處理設(shè)備：通過各種物理的、化學(xué)的手段，去除水中一些對生產(chǎn)、生活不需要的有害的物質(zhì)，對水做過濾凈化處理的設(shè)備。水處理設(shè)備按類別主要可分為污水處理設(shè)備、原水處理設(shè)備、凈水設(shè)備、過濾設(shè)備、超純水設(shè)備這幾大類。
 
　　小結(jié)
 
　　水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖在我們的日常生活中越來越重要，伴隨著水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖行業(yè)的迅猛發(fā)展，我們對其造成的環(huán)境污染問題也應(yīng)當(dāng)更加重視。水環(huán)境的惡化，不僅會給水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖行業(yè)造成巨大的損失，對于我們整個環(huán)境的影響以及人類的健康造成的威脅也是不容忽視的。
 
　　養(yǎng)殖水環(huán)境問題亟待解決。當(dāng)前，世界清潔地球日活動開展，我們不妨從關(guān)注水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖業(yè)開始。

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