小秸稈大問題，如何推進(jìn)農(nóng)作物秸稈綜合利用？

2018-03-12 16:20:34 來源：中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 閱讀量：27534 評論

　　【中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 本站原創(chuàng)】 在農(nóng)村，農(nóng)作物秸稈的處理一直是農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)、農(nóng)村污染的一大問題。在以前，每到收割季節(jié)，農(nóng)民普遍“一把火”燒掉秸稈，濃煙彌漫，既污染了空氣又浪費(fèi)了資源，甚至危及公共安全。近年由于霧霾嚴(yán)重，全國各地相繼下令禁止露天焚燒秸稈，同時出臺一系列扶持政策鼓勵農(nóng)民放棄焚燒、對秸稈進(jìn)行綜合利用。
 
　　秸稈焚燒時產(chǎn)生的有害氣體不僅會造成嚴(yán)重的大氣污染，還會危害人體健康；同時會影響道路交通和航空安全，引發(fā)交通事故、引發(fā)火災(zāi)；秸稈焚燒會破壞土壤結(jié)構(gòu)，造成農(nóng)田質(zhì)量下降。焚燒秸稈危害如此之大，推進(jìn)秸稈綜合利用勢在必行。目前常見的方法有以下幾種：
 
　　1、秸稈肥料化利用。農(nóng)作物收割后將秸稈直接粉碎在田或是漚成肥還到田里。
 
　　2、秸稈飼料化利用。將秸稈作為牲畜飼料，用于發(fā)展畜牧業(yè)。
 
　　3、秸稈能源化利用。秸稈是制取沼氣的好材料，可通過厭氧發(fā)酵的方法制取沼氣，農(nóng)民可利用沼氣同時進(jìn)行做飯和照明。
 
　　4、秸稈基料化利用。以小麥、玉米、棉花等作物秸稈為基料，栽培生產(chǎn)食用菌。
 
　　2018年秸稈補(bǔ)貼高1000萬
　　
　　由于缺乏正確引導(dǎo)、缺乏處置技術(shù)以及轉(zhuǎn)化成本較高等原因，農(nóng)民對秸稈進(jìn)行綜合利用的積極性并不高，國家出臺補(bǔ)貼政策進(jìn)行積極引導(dǎo)。
 
　　2018年秸稈補(bǔ)貼額度：中央財(cái)政對項(xiàng)目縣(市/區(qū))每個補(bǔ)貼1000-2000萬元，具體補(bǔ)貼額度和方式，由當(dāng)?shù)匕才?也就是說每個縣補(bǔ)貼項(xiàng)目和額度不一樣)，基本按照秸稈消化量(噸)來核算補(bǔ)貼，各個項(xiàng)目補(bǔ)貼額度不同，從1萬元到1000萬元都有。農(nóng)民或者農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)營主體(企業(yè)、合作社等)購買秸稈相關(guān)農(nóng)機(jī)和設(shè)備，在國家農(nóng)機(jī)購置補(bǔ)貼的基礎(chǔ)上，市級或是縣級政府再額外補(bǔ)貼30-50%。
 
　　各地秸稈綜合利用工作成效顯著
 
　　河北省2017年共爭取農(nóng)業(yè)部秸稈還田利用項(xiàng)目資金8000萬元，在9個試點(diǎn)縣整縣實(shí)施，以點(diǎn)帶面，全省去年秸稈可收集量為5842萬噸，資源化利用5656萬噸，利用率達(dá)96.8%，秸稈綜合利用水平居*列。今年秸稈綜合利用工作將在去年的基礎(chǔ)上更上一層樓。
 
　　近日，北京懷柔區(qū)區(qū)農(nóng)機(jī)服務(wù)中心為了尋找農(nóng)作物秸稈綜合利用新出路，有效提高秸稈綜合利用率，鞏固全面禁燒工作成果，在懷柔區(qū)開展了秸稈綜合利用調(diào)研工作，通過了解當(dāng)?shù)貙?shí)際情況，為進(jìn)一步做好秸稈綜合利用工作做好技術(shù)準(zhǔn)備。
 
　　江蘇南通市2017年省、市、縣三級財(cái)政共投入資金8351萬元用于秸稈還田和秸稈收儲補(bǔ)貼、收儲站點(diǎn)建設(shè)和購置機(jī)械設(shè)備獎補(bǔ)；國家、省級安排購機(jī)補(bǔ)貼資金10570萬元，農(nóng)作物秸稈總量412.41萬噸，利用量389.93萬噸，綜合利用率94.55%。在未來，南通將以培育壯大秸稈利用帶動企業(yè)，建立完善的收儲利用體系，到2020年秸稈綜合利用率達(dá)到94%，到2022年秸稈綜合利用率達(dá)到95%以上。
 
　　國家鄉(xiāng)村振興戰(zhàn)略的提出為鄉(xiāng)村發(fā)展帶來了的發(fā)展機(jī)遇，而秸稈綜合利用作為全面實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化、改善農(nóng)村環(huán)境的一部分，必將會得到全面、地推廣，希望在不久的將來，曾讓人頭疼的“秸稈難題”會得到有效解決。

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