黃淮海小麥防范“干熱風(fēng)”技術(shù)意見

2024-05-14 13:30:36 來源：農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部小麥專家指導(dǎo)組、全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心 閱讀量：10826 評論

　　【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 當前，黃淮海地區(qū)小麥全面進入灌漿期，距離大面積收獲還有20多天，是促進灌漿、提高粒重的關(guān)鍵時期。今年黃淮海地區(qū)冬小麥苗情長勢普遍較好，但5月中旬可能溫高雨少失墑快，預(yù)計河南北部、河北南部及山東西北部、山西南部等地出現(xiàn)“干熱風(fēng)”風(fēng)險大。此外，高溫干旱有利于小麥蚜蟲增殖取食，部分地區(qū)穗蚜呈快速擴展趨勢。根據(jù)當前黃淮海地區(qū)小麥長勢，各地要持續(xù)抓好“一噴三防”，防范“干熱風(fēng)”，提早做好夏收準備，全力奪取夏糧豐收。
 
　　一噴三防爭主動
 
 
　　“干熱風(fēng)”是黃淮海地區(qū)小麥后期常發(fā)的氣象災(zāi)害，一旦發(fā)生會降低葉片光合、加速葉片衰老，導(dǎo)致粒重降低、質(zhì)量下降。輕度“干熱風(fēng)”會使小麥千粒重下降1—3克，重度“干熱風(fēng)”會使小麥千粒重下降4—5克或更多，造成千粒重、容重雙下降。在小麥灌漿初期和中期，各噴一次磷酸二氫鉀溶液，可增強小麥抗御“干熱風(fēng)”能力。對穗蚜偏重發(fā)生的麥田，實施“一噴三防”時綜合防治蚜蟲，可達到防病治蟲、防“干熱風(fēng)”和防早衰，利于促進籽粒灌漿和干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移，穩(wěn)定提高千粒重。
 
　　科學(xué)澆水早預(yù)防
 
 
　　對土壤墑情差的麥田，在小麥灌漿初期澆水，滿足小麥灌溉生長對水分的需求，同時增加土壤濕度，改善田間小氣候，預(yù)防“干熱風(fēng)”危害。澆水應(yīng)選擇無風(fēng)天氣，避免大水漫灌，防范倒伏。“干熱風(fēng)”來臨前，利用噴灌或微噴灌設(shè)施適量噴水，增加田間濕度，降低冠層溫度，可起到預(yù)防和降低“干熱風(fēng)”危害的作用。
 
　　適時收獲保歸倉
 
 
　　蠟熟末期是小麥收獲的最佳時期。各地要密切關(guān)注天氣變化，盡量避開連陰雨，防止穗發(fā)芽和“爛麥雨”，及早做好收割機、烘干裝備、農(nóng)機用油、倉貯準備，加強機收培訓(xùn)，提高作業(yè)質(zhì)量，千方百計減少機收損失，實現(xiàn)豐產(chǎn)豐收。如發(fā)生異常天氣，及時啟動應(yīng)急響應(yīng)機制，加密機具余缺動態(tài)信息調(diào)度，采取信息引導(dǎo)、市縣聯(lián)動、對口支援等措施調(diào)集搶收機具，努力實現(xiàn)“機等田”。

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