從購機(jī)強(qiáng)度看薯類收獲機(jī)市場發(fā)展大空間

2024-02-12 09:10:33 來源：總站信息處 作者：劉振營 閱讀量：17280 評論

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 市場行情】之前在拖拉機(jī)、聯(lián)合收割機(jī)、玉米收獲機(jī)和花生收獲機(jī)領(lǐng)域引入了購機(jī)強(qiáng)度概念，分析了相應(yīng)農(nóng)機(jī)產(chǎn)品的市場發(fā)展空間，下面用同樣的購機(jī)強(qiáng)度概念，分析一下薯類收獲機(jī)的市場發(fā)展空間有多大。
 
　　1、薯類作物及其收獲機(jī)械
 
　　薯類作物又稱根莖類作物，主要包括甘薯、馬鈴薯、山藥、芋類等。這類作物的產(chǎn)品器官是塊根和塊莖，生長在土壤中。由于薯類作物是宜糧、宜菜、宜飼還可做工業(yè)原料的糧食作物，因此越來越受到人們的重視。
 
　　薯類挖掘收獲機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)主要包括牽引底盤、機(jī)架、懸掛裝置、挖掘裝置、輸送分離裝置和動力傳動裝置等。其工作原理是，在拖拉機(jī)底盤的牽引及動力傳動下，由挖掘鏟將薯塊連同土壤全部鏟起，隨著收獲機(jī)組的前進(jìn)，將鏟起的薯塊和土送至柵條式輸送分離裝置上，大部分土從柵條間隙漏下，薯塊被向后輸送并落于地表，成條狀鋪放，再由人工撿拾。
 
　　盡管薯類作物品種不同，但收獲方式和原理是一樣的，一般各種薯類和花生收獲都可以通用。
 
　　2、各省區(qū)薯類作物種植面積
 
　　根據(jù)國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局各省份2015-2019年薯類作物種植面積的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)，計(jì)算出38省區(qū)平均每年薯類作物種植面積為1.08億畝，各省區(qū)這5年平均每年的種植面積見下表。
 
各省區(qū)薯類作物2015-2019年平均每年種植面積
 
　　從薯類作物種植面積的省區(qū)分布看，陜西最多，達(dá)4965.45萬畝，占總量的45.92%。其次，四川、貴州和重慶都超過了1000萬畝，以上4省市合計(jì)9141.33萬畝，占總量的84.54%。
 
　　3、2023年薯類收獲機(jī)購機(jī)強(qiáng)度
 
　　為了說明各省區(qū)薯類收獲機(jī)的銷量水平，這里引入購機(jī)強(qiáng)度概念。所謂購機(jī)強(qiáng)度，是指年內(nèi)各個省份單位面積薯類種植面積購買薯類收獲機(jī)的臺數(shù)，用單位“臺/萬畝”來表示。這個數(shù)據(jù)指標(biāo)，比較明確地顯示出各個省區(qū)購買薯類收獲機(jī)的數(shù)量水平。
 
　　從計(jì)算得出的各省區(qū)薯類收獲機(jī)購機(jī)強(qiáng)度看，西藏購機(jī)強(qiáng)度最高，達(dá)到69.620臺/萬畝。其次為青海，達(dá)到10.465臺/萬畝。接下來依次為山東3.601臺/萬畝，甘肅2.271臺/萬畝，河北2.138臺/萬畝，內(nèi)蒙古1.785臺/萬畝，福建1.363臺/萬畝，遼寧1.331臺/萬畝。除這8省區(qū)外，還有云南、寧夏、黑龍江和江蘇4省區(qū)達(dá)到0.5臺/萬畝以上，其余省區(qū)購機(jī)強(qiáng)度均未達(dá)到0.5臺/萬畝。
 
2023年各省薯類收獲機(jī)購機(jī)強(qiáng)度統(tǒng)計(jì)表
 
　　應(yīng)該指出，薯類作物4個種植大省，購機(jī)強(qiáng)度均未達(dá)到0.5臺/萬畝，說明薯類收獲機(jī)械化程度普遍很低。
 
　　當(dāng)然，薯類收獲機(jī)購機(jī)強(qiáng)度低的原因，可能還有補(bǔ)貼公示不及時的情況，即有已購買而尚未公示補(bǔ)貼的數(shù)量，或者有購買薯類收獲機(jī)未申報補(bǔ)貼的情況。另外，可能還有薯類作物種植面積變化比較大等因素。
 
　　4、薯類收獲機(jī)械化水平低的主要原因
 
　　薯類人力收獲是比較重的體力勞動，一般需要壯勞力才能勝任。目前這種簡單的薯類挖掘收獲機(jī)，價格只有幾千元，為什么目前薯類收獲機(jī)械化水平還很低呢？個人認(rèn)為可能主要有以下幾個原因。
 
　　一是不少地方薯類種植面積比較小，大都在邊角零星地塊，相對來說，不容易采用機(jī)械收獲。
 
　　二是薯類收獲機(jī)普及工作不到位，一些地方雖然有需求，但沒有見過或者不知道有這種收獲機(jī)械。
 
　　三是有的地方雖然嘗試使用薯類收獲機(jī)，但由于土壤特性或者收獲機(jī)產(chǎn)品性能達(dá)不到要求，收不干凈或傷薯嚴(yán)重，農(nóng)民不愿意使用機(jī)械收獲。
 
　　四是個別地區(qū)拖拉機(jī)動力比較少，造成薯類收獲機(jī)推廣難。
 
　　5、發(fā)展薯類收獲機(jī)的建議
 
　　要打破薯類收獲機(jī)的發(fā)展瓶頸，就要從幾個方面著手做一些工作。
 
　　一是加大薯類收獲機(jī)的推廣力度。有關(guān)部門應(yīng)該在薯類收獲機(jī)的推廣上加大力度，引進(jìn)實(shí)用先進(jìn)的品牌，在當(dāng)?shù)亻_展示范和試點(diǎn)，使薯農(nóng)認(rèn)識到薯類機(jī)收的優(yōu)勢，引導(dǎo)農(nóng)民購機(jī)。
 
　　二是薯類收獲機(jī)生產(chǎn)企業(yè)應(yīng)該與拖拉機(jī)企業(yè)聯(lián)手，在拖拉機(jī)運(yùn)用不多的地區(qū)開展薯類收獲機(jī)的演示宣傳，一方面開拓薯類收獲機(jī)市場，同時也加強(qiáng)了拖拉機(jī)的產(chǎn)品宣傳。
 
　　三是薯類收獲機(jī)生產(chǎn)企業(yè)應(yīng)學(xué)習(xí)發(fā)達(dá)國家大型薯類收獲機(jī)的產(chǎn)品技術(shù)，針對大面積薯類種植區(qū)域，研制開發(fā)集殺秧、挖掘、分離、撿拾、分級、裝筐(袋)一體化作業(yè)的薯類聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)，以提升作業(yè)效率和作業(yè)效果，引領(lǐng)薯類收獲機(jī)產(chǎn)品技術(shù)升級。

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