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農(nóng)機(jī)化司指導(dǎo)組赴貴州開展油菜機(jī)械化移栽跟蹤指導(dǎo)

2023-04-04 09:30:50 來源： 農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化總站經(jīng)作機(jī)械處 閱讀量：16130 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀：農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)機(jī)化總站和南京農(nóng)機(jī)化研究所組成指導(dǎo)組于3月20日至24日赴貴州省開展了油菜移栽機(jī)械化示范點(diǎn)跟蹤指導(dǎo)。

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 地方農(nóng)機(jī)】根據(jù)農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)機(jī)化司工作安排，為及時(shí)掌握油菜機(jī)械化移栽示范推廣效果情況，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)機(jī)化總站和南京農(nóng)機(jī)化研究所組成指導(dǎo)組于3月20日至24日赴貴州省開展了油菜移栽機(jī)械化示范點(diǎn)跟蹤指導(dǎo)。
 
　　指導(dǎo)組一行先后走訪了黔西南州興仁市、安龍縣、黔南州長(zhǎng)順縣、遵義市播州區(qū)、綏陽縣5個(gè)市區(qū)縣的5個(gè)油菜機(jī)械化移栽示范點(diǎn)，實(shí)地查看了機(jī)械化移栽油菜田間長(zhǎng)勢(shì)，了解了油菜毯狀育苗成本和移栽機(jī)具使用情況、作業(yè)量和作業(yè)效率，調(diào)查了機(jī)械化移栽配套農(nóng)藝農(nóng)機(jī)、茬口銜接、農(nóng)戶意愿等情況，聽取了省市縣農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部門負(fù)責(zé)同志、示范點(diǎn)機(jī)手農(nóng)戶關(guān)于示范任務(wù)、項(xiàng)目資金補(bǔ)助落實(shí)情況介紹和意見建議，對(duì)毯狀育苗技術(shù)、移栽機(jī)使用要領(lǐng)、機(jī)收時(shí)機(jī)方式選擇等進(jìn)行了現(xiàn)場(chǎng)指導(dǎo)和答疑。
 
示范點(diǎn)跟蹤指導(dǎo)
 
移栽機(jī)操作指導(dǎo)
 
人工撒播與機(jī)械移栽油菜長(zhǎng)勢(shì)對(duì)比
 
　　從跟蹤指導(dǎo)情況來看，油菜機(jī)械化育苗移栽技術(shù)在貴州省有推廣應(yīng)用前景，針對(duì)貴州冬油菜種植因陽光寡照、積溫不夠，需要在9月底10月初進(jìn)行播種種植，與水稻收獲存在一定茬口矛盾的問題，油菜機(jī)械化育苗移栽可以通過提前育苗，將栽植時(shí)間推遲到11月中旬，大大緩解了貴州省稻油輪作茬口矛盾。同時(shí)，機(jī)械育苗移栽油菜具有明顯的個(gè)體優(yōu)勢(shì)，稈粗株高枝多果密，增產(chǎn)潛力比較明顯；比直播油菜抗病性好，可大幅降低白粉病等病蟲草害。
 
　　調(diào)研也發(fā)現(xiàn)，貴州省農(nóng)業(yè)立地條件差、2022年旱情嚴(yán)重，受疫情影響技術(shù)到位率低、機(jī)收損失率高等因素給油菜機(jī)械化育苗移栽技術(shù)推廣帶來了諸多困難。一是地塊小、坡度大，大型機(jī)具施展不開；二是旱情重、墑情差，機(jī)具作業(yè)質(zhì)量效率不高；三是售后服務(wù)跟不上，技術(shù)培訓(xùn)不到位，示范效果大打折扣；四是油菜機(jī)收損失率高，適用機(jī)具缺乏，減損增收需求迫切。從示范工作總體來說，目前油菜機(jī)械化育苗移栽存在育苗環(huán)節(jié)多、用工量大、基質(zhì)材料費(fèi)貴等突出問題，育苗成本占到育苗移栽總成本的67%以上，再加上受多種因素影響，機(jī)具作業(yè)效率未得到充分發(fā)揮，現(xiàn)有移栽機(jī)均只有3畝/小時(shí)的作業(yè)效率，導(dǎo)致育苗移栽畝均成本過高。
 
　　指導(dǎo)組提出，農(nóng)機(jī)科研單位和企業(yè)要進(jìn)一步研發(fā)改進(jìn)適用機(jī)具，針對(duì)貴州土壤和氣候條件改進(jìn)現(xiàn)有毯狀苗移栽入土立苗裝置，提高栽植合格率。各地農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部門和示范點(diǎn)要不斷熟化技術(shù)路線，進(jìn)一步簡(jiǎn)化育苗工序和要求，針對(duì)不同的移栽機(jī)作業(yè)要求做好相應(yīng)的田塊準(zhǔn)備；要強(qiáng)化技術(shù)指導(dǎo)，確保示范推廣成效；要做好產(chǎn)量監(jiān)測(cè)與機(jī)收對(duì)比，為機(jī)械移栽油菜選用適宜機(jī)收方式與機(jī)具；要結(jié)合示范點(diǎn)工作實(shí)際，總結(jié)經(jīng)驗(yàn)、提煉模式、提供案例，持續(xù)穩(wěn)妥推進(jìn)油菜機(jī)械化移栽示范。

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