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丘陵山區(qū)宜機化改造調(diào)研分析

2022-11-12 11:01:15 來源：昔陽縣農(nóng)業(yè)裝備站 閱讀量：13381 評論

導讀：導致丘陵山區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)機械化發(fā)展水平不高的原因是長期而復(fù)雜的，但一個共同的實際是丘陵山區(qū)的耕地條件差，不適宜農(nóng)機作業(yè)。

　　【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 地方農(nóng)機]丘陵山區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)現(xiàn)狀是農(nóng)業(yè)機械化發(fā)展不充分、不平衡的重要體現(xiàn)，也是農(nóng)業(yè)機械化水平進一步提升的難點和潛力所在。導致丘陵山區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)機械化發(fā)展水平不高的原因是長期而復(fù)雜的，但一個共同的實際是丘陵山區(qū)的耕地條件差，不適宜農(nóng)機作業(yè)。
 
　　一、基本概況
 
　　丘陵山區(qū)有效土層較厚，局部地方甚至高達數(shù)十米，土壤質(zhì)地疏松，孔性和容重適中，具備良好的耕性。這一特點決定了宜機化改造可以較大程度進行切土，在不需要客土回填的情況下保持挖填平衡。
 
　　丘陵山區(qū)地表侵蝕切割嚴重，塬梁峁川相互交織，地形破碎復(fù)雜，地勢高差懸殊，造成了耕地細碎分散，單個地塊面積普遍較小，地塊間空間聯(lián)系不緊密。宜機化改造通常會打破原有耕地界址。
 
　　二、丘陵山區(qū)農(nóng)機發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀
 
　　從裝備情況來看，農(nóng)機總動力僅占42%左右，且微耕機和50馬力(1馬力約等于0.735 kW)以下的中小型機械占比較大。從機械化生產(chǎn)情況來看，耕整地環(huán)節(jié)多借助微耕機進行旋耕作業(yè)，大多數(shù)地塊無法開展深松作業(yè)。播種、中耕、植保、收獲、秸稈處理等作業(yè)環(huán)節(jié)機械化率遠遠低于平川地區(qū)，人畜力和半機械化作業(yè)方式仍然普遍存在農(nóng)機化發(fā)展不平衡不充分表現(xiàn)十分突出。
 
　　在改造對象的選擇上，要求改造前地塊坡度不得超過20°，實踐中尤以6°～15°之間坡耕地為主，禁止在退耕還林還草區(qū)及各類保護區(qū)內(nèi)開展宜機化改造。改造區(qū)域要求道路通達、土層深厚、集中連片，改造地塊以種植糧食作物為主，集中連片面積多數(shù)在400畝以上。
 
　　改造后的耕地除特殊原因外，均具備改造后的下一個種植季及時復(fù)耕的條件，且復(fù)耕時都實現(xiàn)了機械化作業(yè)。
 
　　三、宜機化改造工作成效
 
　　實踐表明，宜機化改造對于提升當?shù)貦C械化生產(chǎn)水平是立竿見影的，主要表現(xiàn)在3個方面：一是農(nóng)機裝備運用水平的提高；二是農(nóng)機作業(yè)環(huán)節(jié)的增加；三是綜合機械化率的提升。
 
　　有效地減少了耕地撂荒：通過對丘陵山區(qū)農(nóng)機化發(fā)展深入調(diào)研發(fā)現(xiàn)，丘陵山區(qū)的耕地撂荒現(xiàn)象十分突出，個別村鎮(zhèn)甚至出現(xiàn)了連片撂荒的情況。導致耕地撂荒的原因是多方面的，有農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效益的問題，有農(nóng)村勞動力外流導致的“空心化”問題，也有長久以來被忽略的農(nóng)機化問題。事實上，農(nóng)民種地的主觀意愿是在受到土地耕種捆綁的條件下降低或喪失的，很多撂荒地都是因為無法實現(xiàn)機械化生產(chǎn)。在此情況下，壯勞力耕種效益低而年邁勞動力無力耕種，進而導致耕地撂荒。因此，機械化生產(chǎn)是將勞動力從土地中解放出來，并且保證土地正常耕種的唯一手段。與此同時，宜機化改造通過對地塊進行歸并聯(lián)通和優(yōu)化布局，一定程度上會增加耕地面積。通過實施宜機化改造，改造后的土地大部分流轉(zhuǎn)到合作社進行集中經(jīng)營，進行產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展，拓展了農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工、銷售等產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈條，增加了農(nóng)民在家就業(yè)的機會。同時，機械化的生產(chǎn)模式解放了農(nóng)村勞動力，為農(nóng)民增收創(chuàng)造了可能。

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