一個具備可持續(xù)性的農(nóng)機市場！保護性耕作機械潛力十足

2020-03-24 16:11:38 來源：農(nóng)機網(wǎng)原創(chuàng) 作者：四夕 閱讀量：54827 評論

　　【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 編輯視角】從這兩年來相關(guān)政策文件的發(fā)布頻率和指向看，保護性耕作無疑將會是今年農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域熱門焦點之一，而保護性耕作系列機具則將是由政府助力推進的一個具有可持續(xù)性的農(nóng)機市場。日前，農(nóng)機網(wǎng)已經(jīng)在系列文章《春耕備耕熱潮到來，保護性耕作這一可持續(xù)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)蔚然成風(fēng)》、《保護性耕作被納入到頂層設(shè)計，如何運用機械化手段？》中，簡單介紹了保護性耕作這一可持續(xù)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)以及其機械化發(fā)展方向。
 
　　本期，農(nóng)機網(wǎng)將圍繞《東北黑土地保護性耕作國家行動計劃(2020—2025年)》對提升保護性耕作裝備能力的規(guī)劃展開討論，并介紹幾類重要的保護性耕作機械。
 
　　提升保護性耕作裝備能力
 
　　在農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部發(fā)布的《東北黑土地保護性耕作國家行動計劃(2020—2025年)》中，已經(jīng)明確指出要提升裝備能力。
 
　　推進研發(fā)創(chuàng)新。引導(dǎo)科研單位、機械制造企業(yè)、材料工業(yè)企業(yè)集中優(yōu)勢力量，共建保護性耕作裝備創(chuàng)新聯(lián)盟和研發(fā)平臺。開展高性能免耕播種機核心部件研發(fā)攻關(guān)，重點突破播種機切盤的金屬材料及加工工藝、電控高速精量排種器的設(shè)計與制造等難題，加快產(chǎn)業(yè)化步伐。
 
　　完善標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系。圍繞保障保護性耕作關(guān)鍵機具產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量、關(guān)鍵生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)作業(yè)質(zhì)量，抓緊制修訂一批相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范和操作規(guī)程。根據(jù)不同區(qū)域、作物特點，優(yōu)化保護性耕作裝備整體配置方案。
 
　　增加有效供給。鼓勵免耕播種機等關(guān)鍵機具制造企業(yè)加快技術(shù)改造、擴大中產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)能力。發(fā)揮農(nóng)機購置補貼政策導(dǎo)向作用，引導(dǎo)農(nóng)民購置秸稈還田機、高性能免耕播種機、精準(zhǔn)施藥機械、深松機械等保護性耕作機具。
 
　　主要保護性耕作機械
 
　　保護性耕作需求的主要系列機具：重點是免耕播種機，并且主要是牽引、重型免耕播種機，以兩行機為主體；秸稈集行機、秸稈粉碎還田機、苗期深松機、條耕機、條旋機、聯(lián)合整地機等機具。
 
　　◇免耕播種機
 
　　免耕播種機與機械式播種機相比，具有較強的技術(shù)性能優(yōu)勢。它可一次完成開溝、側(cè)施肥、破茬、播種、培土、鎮(zhèn)壓等作業(yè)，廣泛適用于玉米、大豆、高粱、甜菜等大中籽粒穴播作物的免耕播種作業(yè)。免耕播種可以保護土地，精量播種則可以提高播種精密度，保護種子質(zhì)量。
 
　　◇秸稈粉碎還田機
 
　　秸稈還田不僅可以減少燒秸稈對環(huán)境的污染，還能增加土壤有機質(zhì)，改良土壤結(jié)構(gòu)，使土壤疏松，孔隙度增加，容量減輕，促進微生物活力和作物根系的發(fā)育，增強農(nóng)作物抗旱能力。2015年以來，我國陸續(xù)出臺政策，將秸稈粉碎還田直接免耕播種作為主要的解決路徑。秸稈粉碎還田機普遍適用于玉米秸稈、皇竹草及其他青貯、黃貯作物的收獲，操作靈活，能一次完成對青貯、黃貯作物的收割、粉碎、揉搓、裝箱缷草。
 
　　◇根茬粉碎還田機
 
　　根茬粉碎還田機也叫滅茬還田機，主要應(yīng)用于玉米作物，是在有深耕基礎(chǔ)的地塊，充分利用深耕后效，在不進行耕翻的年份，利用根茬粉碎還田機將站立在壟上的根茬直接粉碎，并均勻混拌在耕層中，一次性完成滅茬、碎土作業(yè)。一般適用于要求埋青、秸稈還田或在大中型聯(lián)合收割機作業(yè)后的玉米高留茬的條件下作業(yè)。
 
　　◇深松整地聯(lián)合作業(yè)機
 
　　作為保護性耕作體系中的一個重要環(huán)節(jié)，深松整地聯(lián)合作業(yè)的質(zhì)量對保護性耕作整體作業(yè)效果有著較大的影響。深松整地聯(lián)合作業(yè)機可一次能完成滅茬、深松、碎土及鎮(zhèn)壓等聯(lián)合作業(yè)。機械化深松可以打破犁底層，使生土熟化，改善土壤透氣性，提高抗旱保墑能力，有效降低水土流失，促進作物根系生長和土壤中微生物的繁衍
 
　　◇圓盤耙
 
　　圓盤耙是機械化保護性耕作主要的重要產(chǎn)品之一。通過淺耕和滅茬，圓盤耙可以減少水土流失，培肥地力、保護環(huán)境和資源。在秸稈粉碎后，用圓盤耙可以處理殘茬和覆蓋物，主要應(yīng)用于大型平原農(nóng)場。
 
　　◇噴桿式噴霧機
 
　　過量的農(nóng)藥使用不但使得土壤板結(jié)、酸化、殘留農(nóng)藥毒性，也使病蟲抗藥性上升，對于農(nóng)作物病蟲害防治極為不利。精準(zhǔn)施藥技術(shù)及機械是解決以上問題的手段，其核心技術(shù)特點是獲取農(nóng)田小區(qū)域病蟲草害信息，并根據(jù)其差異性采取變量施藥技術(shù)。近年來，我國提高了自走式噴霧機噴桿的精準(zhǔn)施藥水平，噴桿式噴霧機實施定位、定量、定時噴藥，為保護性耕作農(nóng)藝措施的具體實施提供了有力的技術(shù)保障。
 
　　◇植保無人機
 
　　說起病蟲害防治，我們就不得不提植保無人機。在智慧農(nóng)業(yè)迅速發(fā)展的今天，其已成為現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的重要代表之一。大疆農(nóng)業(yè)、極飛科技、啟飛智能……眾多植保無人機企業(yè)加入市場角逐，不斷加碼科技投入，致力于提升關(guān)鍵技術(shù)，杜絕“跑、冒、滴、漏”現(xiàn)象，實現(xiàn)植保作業(yè)“高、精、準(zhǔn)”。植保無人機可在噴灑作業(yè)前將農(nóng)田里農(nóng)作物的GPS信息實時采集，并預(yù)設(shè)好航線，輸入到地面站的內(nèi)部控制系統(tǒng)中，自主完成噴灑作業(yè)。
 
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