春耕備耕熱潮到來(lái)，保護(hù)性耕作這一可持續(xù)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)蔚然成風(fēng)

2020-03-13 16:10:04 來(lái)源：農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)原創(chuàng) 作者：四夕 閱讀量：44464 評(píng)論

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 編輯視角】當(dāng)前正值疫情防控和春耕備耕的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期，為統(tǒng)籌抓好新冠肺炎疫情防控和春耕生產(chǎn)工作，抓好春季農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)，實(shí)現(xiàn)“藏糧于地、藏糧于技”， 我國(guó)多地都出臺(tái)了關(guān)于春耕生產(chǎn)工作的相關(guān)政策。其中，保護(hù)性耕作這一可持續(xù)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)愈加受到重視，大有蔚然成風(fēng)的趨勢(shì)。
 
　　什么是保護(hù)性耕作？
 
　　什么是保護(hù)性耕作？顧名思義，保護(hù)性為重點(diǎn)，那么也就意味著我們?cè)谵r(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械活動(dòng)過(guò)程中，要注意預(yù)防河流泛濫、 沙塵暴猖獗、土壤退化、水土流失等問(wèn)題，否則就是“破壞性”耕作而非“保護(hù)性”耕作了。
 
　　保護(hù)性耕作以機(jī)械化為基礎(chǔ)，集成秸稈還田覆蓋、少免耕精量播種、高效植保和深松等技術(shù)，通過(guò)少耕、免耕、地表微地形改造技術(shù)及地表覆蓋、合理種植等綜合配套措施，從而減少農(nóng)田土壤侵蝕，保護(hù)農(nóng)田生態(tài)環(huán)境，并獲得生態(tài)效益、經(jīng)濟(jì)效益及社會(huì)效益協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展，在蓄水保墑、培肥地力、節(jié)本增效、減少農(nóng)田土壤侵蝕和保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境等方面具有顯著成效，可以實(shí)現(xiàn)旱作地區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)目標(biāo)和環(huán)境保護(hù)目標(biāo)“雙贏”，綠色、高效，是對(duì)傳統(tǒng)耕作的技術(shù)革命。
 
　　其涵蓋了秸稈殘茬處理、免(少)耕播種、機(jī)械化深松、雜草及病蟲(chóng)害防治、土壤改良等五個(gè)方面，核心技術(shù)包括少耕、免耕、緩坡地等高耕作、溝壟耕作、殘茬覆蓋耕作、秸稈覆蓋等農(nóng)田土壤表面耕作技術(shù)及其配套的專(zhuān)用機(jī)具等，配套技術(shù)包括綠色覆蓋種植、作物輪作、帶狀種植、多作種植、合理密植、沙化草地恢復(fù)以及農(nóng)田防護(hù)林建設(shè)等。
 
　　主要技術(shù)內(nèi)容有什么？
 
　　少耕、免耕技術(shù)：免耕就是除播種之外不進(jìn)行任何耕作，用免耕播種機(jī)一次完成破茬開(kāi)溝、施肥、播種、覆土和鎮(zhèn)壓作業(yè)，簡(jiǎn)化工序，減少機(jī)械進(jìn)地次數(shù)，降低成本。少耕包括深松與表土耕作，深松即疏松深層土壤，基本上不破壞土壤結(jié)構(gòu)和地面植被，可提高天然降雨入滲率，增加土壤含水量。
 
　　秸稈覆蓋技術(shù)：主要分為秸稈粉碎還田覆蓋、整稈還田覆蓋和留茬覆蓋三種方式。將作物秸稈、殘茬覆蓋地表，在培肥地力的基礎(chǔ)上，用秸稈蓋土，可以實(shí)現(xiàn)根茬固土、保護(hù)土壤、減少風(fēng)蝕水蝕和水分無(wú)效蒸發(fā)、提高天然降雨利用率的作用。
 
　　合理化用水、藥和施肥技術(shù)：這也是保護(hù)性耕作技術(shù)的重要環(huán)節(jié)之一，包括節(jié)水灌溉技術(shù)、自控精確噴藥技術(shù)以及按需施肥及液態(tài)施肥技術(shù)。其目的是使農(nóng)藥和化肥用量實(shí)現(xiàn)更大范圍的節(jié)省，以及實(shí)現(xiàn)有效保護(hù)土壤環(huán)境。
 
　　為什么要推行保護(hù)性耕作？
 
　　東北黑土地保護(hù)性耕作被提升到國(guó)家農(nóng)業(yè)戰(zhàn)略層面，黑龍江省將保護(hù)性耕作重點(diǎn)放在解決機(jī)械化秸稈還田耕種上，在全省快速形成保護(hù)性耕作技術(shù)推廣勢(shì)頭。早在2004年，黑龍江省就開(kāi)展了保護(hù)性耕作技術(shù)試驗(yàn)示范，圍繞秸稈還田提高地力這一核心，并探索出了適合當(dāng)?shù)氐谋Ｗo(hù)性耕作技術(shù)模式。而《東北黑土地保護(hù)性耕作國(guó)家行動(dòng)計(jì)劃(2020—2025年)》，提出用5-6年，在東北適宜地區(qū)實(shí)施高質(zhì)量保護(hù)性耕作，找到一條運(yùn)用機(jī)械化手段解決東北黑土地保護(hù)問(wèn)題的有效路徑，將保護(hù)性耕作納入到頂層設(shè)計(jì)制定中。
 
　　2019年遼寧沈陽(yáng)舉辦的“秸稈綜合利用經(jīng)驗(yàn)交流活動(dòng)”消息，截至12月，全國(guó)秸稈綜合利用率達(dá)到85.45%，有10個(gè)省利用率超過(guò)90%，有9個(gè)省利用率超過(guò)85%，近50%的縣區(qū)利用率超過(guò)90%，秸稈綜合利用總體呈現(xiàn)出穩(wěn)中有進(jìn)、穩(wěn)中向好的態(tài)勢(shì)。
 
　　2019年，黑龍江省財(cái)政投資43億元加大秸稈綜合利用率；甘肅省2020年中央財(cái)政提前下達(dá)部分農(nóng)業(yè)資源及生態(tài)保護(hù)補(bǔ)助資金主要用于支持農(nóng)作物秸稈綜合化利用2820萬(wàn)元；江蘇省也提出要適度開(kāi)展稻秸稈還田作業(yè)補(bǔ)助，鼓勵(lì)開(kāi)展犁耕深翻作業(yè)補(bǔ)助……不僅如此，對(duì)購(gòu)置秸稈還田、保護(hù)性耕作等農(nóng)機(jī)具，我國(guó)多地也實(shí)行了地方財(cái)政資金累加補(bǔ)貼政策，市場(chǎng)免耕作業(yè)機(jī)械保有量逐漸增加，各項(xiàng)政策利好為保護(hù)性耕作發(fā)展提供了生長(zhǎng)土壤。

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