河北省關(guān)于印發(fā)《河北省2019年冬前小麥苗情分析及冬春季管理技術(shù)建議》的通知

2019-12-12 08:40:12 來源:河北省農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村廳辦公室 閱讀量:22041 評(píng)論

  【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 通知公告】 各市(含定州、辛集市)農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村局,雄安新區(qū)管委會(huì)公共服務(wù)局,廳有關(guān)處室、直屬事業(yè)單位:
 
  現(xiàn)將《河北省2019年冬前小麥苗情分析及冬春季管理技術(shù)建議》印發(fā)給你們,請(qǐng)結(jié)合當(dāng)?shù)貙?shí)際,針對(duì)可能發(fā)生的秋冬連旱,及時(shí)制定抗旱預(yù)案,突出抓好節(jié)水品種和優(yōu)質(zhì)強(qiáng)筋品種先進(jìn)適用技術(shù)指導(dǎo),推進(jìn)小麥綠色高質(zhì)高效生產(chǎn)。
 
  河北省農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村廳辦公室
 
  2019年12月6日
 
  河北省2019年冬前小麥苗情分析及冬春季管理技術(shù)建議
 
  為做好小麥冬春季田間管理,省小麥專家顧問組和省現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系小麥產(chǎn)業(yè)創(chuàng)新團(tuán)隊(duì)專家,在前期分區(qū)域考察的基礎(chǔ)上,于11月28日至30日對(duì)保定市定興縣和徐水區(qū)、滄州市獻(xiàn)縣和肅寧縣、衡水市景縣、邢臺(tái)市南和縣、邯鄲市臨漳縣和成安縣、石家莊市藁城區(qū)的小麥苗情進(jìn)行了考察。在認(rèn)真分析小麥苗情基礎(chǔ)上,提出了冬春麥田管理技術(shù)建議。
 
  一、冬前小麥苗情特點(diǎn)
 
  (一)品種布局合理,主導(dǎo)品種突出
 
  今年秋季,全省小麥節(jié)水品種推廣面積536萬畝,近6年累計(jì)推廣面積達(dá)3272萬畝;優(yōu)質(zhì)強(qiáng)筋麥面積達(dá)到405萬畝,同比增加45萬畝。麥田秸稈還田和播后鎮(zhèn)壓面積所占比例均達(dá)到85%以上,較往年有所提高。
 
  (二)播種技術(shù)落實(shí)到位,整體播種質(zhì)量好
 
  盡管今年玉米收獲晚于常年3-5天,小麥播期有所推遲,適期播種面積略有減少,但播種技術(shù)落實(shí)到位,整體播種質(zhì)量好。據(jù)調(diào)查統(tǒng)計(jì),全省小麥適期播種面積占72%,10月18日以后播種面積占28%,比去年增加6個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。
 
  (三)出苗均勻整齊,基本苗充足
 
  由于加強(qiáng)了對(duì)統(tǒng)一供應(yīng)麥種的檢測(cè)檢驗(yàn),今年種子籽粒飽滿、發(fā)芽勢(shì)強(qiáng)、發(fā)芽率高,出苗整齊,缺苗斷壟現(xiàn)象有所減少。據(jù)調(diào)查,全省適期播種麥田畝播量13-16公斤,平均畝基本苗約28萬,比去年增加1.5萬,晚播麥田畝播量約17.5公斤,畝基本苗約33萬,比去年增加1.1萬。
 
  (四)群體足個(gè)體壯,苗情總體好于常年
 
  與上年相比,一、二類苗比例增加,三類苗比例下降。據(jù)農(nóng)情調(diào)度調(diào)查,一類苗面積占53%;二類苗面積占41%;三類苗僅占6%。一類和二類苗比例分別比上年提高1個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。全省主體麥田畝總莖數(shù)70萬-80萬,群體較為適宜,小麥主莖葉齡為4葉1心至5葉1心,單株莖數(shù)3-4個(gè),次生根3-5條,3葉大蘗和次生根數(shù)量均顯著高于常年。
 
  二、當(dāng)前存在的主要問題
 
  (一)趁墑播種占比較大,部分地塊出現(xiàn)旱象
 
  今年全省趁墑播種面積約占50%,10月11日到11月30日,麥區(qū)降水3-18毫米,較常年偏少4-8成。趁墑播種且冬前階段一直未進(jìn)行灌溉的麥田土壤墑情明顯不足,部分地塊小麥出現(xiàn)第一個(gè)分蘗空位現(xiàn)象,若不及時(shí)進(jìn)行冬前灌溉,遭受干旱災(zāi)害的可能性加大。
 
  (二)部分麥區(qū)播量偏大,個(gè)別麥田群體偏多
 
  受近幾年小麥干旱和凍害等因素影響,近年來在部分地方普遍存在播量偏大的趨勢(shì)。今年部分地塊基本苗偏多,加之播后氣溫偏高,導(dǎo)致麥苗細(xì)弱,少部分播種早的麥田群體在100萬以上,呈現(xiàn)旺長趨勢(shì),增加了受凍害的機(jī)率。
 
  (三)部分麥田土壤塇松、容易失墑,有越冬凍害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
 
  個(gè)別麥田播后未及時(shí)進(jìn)行鎮(zhèn)壓,造成土壤較塇松,跑墑透氣,小麥抗旱、抗寒性能減弱,不利于小麥安全越冬。據(jù)氣象部門預(yù)報(bào),局部麥區(qū)有出現(xiàn)低溫天氣的可能,增加此類麥田發(fā)生越冬凍害的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
 
  (四)小麥根部病害發(fā)生普遍,冬前化學(xué)除草面積小,增加了春季雜草防控難度
 
  受干旱因素的影響,今年麥田雜草相對(duì)較少,但晚播麥田未能進(jìn)行“雜草秋治”,增加了春天除草的難度,特別增加了對(duì)禾本科麥田雜草的除治的難度。
 
  三、冬前及春季期管理意見
 
  針對(duì)我省小麥苗情特點(diǎn),當(dāng)前小麥和春季管理應(yīng)因地因苗制宜,當(dāng)前管理突出“防凍害、保越冬”,春季應(yīng)突出“防控土傳病害、強(qiáng)化鎮(zhèn)壓鋤劃,科學(xué)施用肥水”。在具體工作推動(dòng)上,各地應(yīng)重點(diǎn)抓好以下措施:
 
  一是搶時(shí)澆好凍水。北部麥區(qū)和中南部墑情較差麥田、保墑能力差的麥田、旺長麥田要在土壤夜凍晝消時(shí)選擇白天搶時(shí)澆好封凍水,確保小麥安全越冬,土壤封凍后禁止?jié)菜?,以防產(chǎn)生冰層導(dǎo)致小麥窒息死亡
 
  二是實(shí)施麥田鎮(zhèn)壓。針對(duì)冬前塇松麥田,在表墑適宜、土壤封凍前選擇晴好天氣下午進(jìn)行鎮(zhèn)壓,踏實(shí)土壤,保溫保墑,防止凍害。針對(duì)冬前未鎮(zhèn)壓或土壤裂縫較多的麥田,在早春應(yīng)及時(shí)進(jìn)行鎮(zhèn)壓,以破碎坷垃、彌合裂縫、提墑保溫,促進(jìn)小麥返青生長。
 
  三是抓好春季節(jié)水。只要不是麥田嚴(yán)重缺墑,不要澆返青水或過早澆水,要盡可能推遲春季第一次澆水時(shí)間,推遲到小麥起身后期至拔節(jié)期。根據(jù)降雨和土壤墑情,有選擇的澆灌春季第二次水。大力推廣水肥一體化節(jié)水技術(shù)。
 
  四是預(yù)防“倒春寒”。密切關(guān)注春季天氣變化,在強(qiáng)冷空氣到來之前及時(shí)灌水,調(diào)節(jié)麥田小氣候,同時(shí)噴施抗寒調(diào)節(jié)劑等。一旦發(fā)生凍害,要及時(shí)追施*化肥,促進(jìn)受凍小麥盡快恢復(fù)生長。
 
  五是防控病蟲草害。針對(duì)莖基腐病、根腐病、吸漿蟲等病蟲害可能偏重發(fā)生,以及草地貪夜蛾的潛在危害,應(yīng)做好預(yù)測(cè)預(yù)報(bào),提前制訂防控預(yù)案,及早準(zhǔn)備藥劑、藥械,大力推行統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治和綠色高效綜合防治技術(shù)。春季麥田化學(xué)除治禾本科雜草一定注意防治時(shí)期,好在小麥返青期6葉以前,且氣溫穩(wěn)定在8℃以上時(shí)進(jìn)行,小麥起身以后不能噴施除草劑,嚴(yán)格控制除草劑用量,不與其他殺蟲劑、殺菌劑混用。對(duì)于優(yōu)質(zhì)麥田一定注意除草劑藥害的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),小面積試驗(yàn)后無藥害再使用。
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