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政策解讀：《農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村污染治理攻堅戰(zhàn)行動計劃》

2018-11-29 16:44:49 來源：中國農(nóng)機網(wǎng)原創(chuàng) 作者：四夕 閱讀量：54371 評論

導讀：日前，生態(tài)環(huán)境部、農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部聯(lián)合印發(fā)了《農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村污染治理攻堅戰(zhàn)行動計劃》(以下簡稱《行動計劃》)，并正式對外公布。這意味著為期三年的農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村污染治理攻堅戰(zhàn)正式打響，各項任務將進入實施階段。

　　【中國農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 政策導讀】日前，生態(tài)環(huán)境部、農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部聯(lián)合印發(fā)了《農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村污染治理攻堅戰(zhàn)行動計劃》(以下簡稱《行動計劃》)，并正式對外公布。這意味著為期三年的農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村污染治理攻堅戰(zhàn)正式打響，各項任務將進入實施階段。
 
　　生態(tài)環(huán)境部土壤生態(tài)環(huán)境司司長蘇克敬曾表示，近年來，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村生態(tài)環(huán)保工作雖取得積極進展，但總體形勢依然嚴峻，“臟亂差”問題在一些地區(qū)仍較突出，已成為全面建成小康社會的突出短板。《行動計劃》實施就是要補齊農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村生態(tài)環(huán)保突出短板，增強農(nóng)民的獲得感和幸福感。
 
　　目標：2020年實現(xiàn)“一保兩治三減四提升”
 
　　《行動計劃》提出到2020年，實現(xiàn)“一保兩治三減四提升”。具體內(nèi)容為：“一保”，即保護農(nóng)村飲用水水源，農(nóng)村飲水安全更有保障；“兩治”，即治理農(nóng)村生活垃圾和污水，實現(xiàn)村莊環(huán)境干凈整潔有序；“三減”，即減少化肥、農(nóng)藥使用量和農(nóng)業(yè)用水總量；“四提升”，即提升主要由農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染造成的超標水體水質(zhì)、農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物綜合利用率、環(huán)境監(jiān)管能力和農(nóng)村居民參與度。
 
　　為此，《行動計劃》主要明確了五項主要任務，即：加強農(nóng)村飲用水水源保護、加快推進農(nóng)村生活垃圾污水治理、著力解決養(yǎng)殖業(yè)污染、有效防控種植業(yè)污染、提升農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村環(huán)境監(jiān)管能力。
 
　　在行動過程中要求堅持四項基本原則：保護優(yōu)先、源頭減量，優(yōu)化種植和養(yǎng)殖生產(chǎn)布局、規(guī)模和結(jié)構(gòu)，從源頭減少農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染；問題導向、系統(tǒng)施治，系統(tǒng)推進農(nóng)業(yè)投入品減量化、生產(chǎn)清潔化、廢棄物資源化、產(chǎn)業(yè)模式生態(tài)化；因地制宜、實事求是，采用適用的治理技術(shù)和模式，注重實效，不搞一刀切，不搞形式主義；落實責任、形成合力，建立上下聯(lián)動、部門協(xié)作、責權(quán)清晰、監(jiān)管有效的工作推進機制。
 
　　亮點：農(nóng)膜“誰生產(chǎn)、誰回收”，三年內(nèi)回收率要超80%
 
　　值得注意的是，《行動計劃》提出了到2020年，全國農(nóng)膜回收率達到80%以上，河北、遼寧、山東、河南、甘肅、新疆等農(nóng)膜使用量較高省份力爭實現(xiàn)廢棄農(nóng)膜全面回收利用。在重點用膜地區(qū)，整縣推進農(nóng)膜回收利用，推廣地膜減量增效技術(shù)，做好100個地膜回收利用示范縣建設?！缎袆佑媱潯吠瑫r要求試點“誰生產(chǎn)、誰回收”的地膜生產(chǎn)者責任延伸制度，實現(xiàn)地膜生產(chǎn)企業(yè)統(tǒng)一供膜、統(tǒng)一回收。
 
　　農(nóng)膜覆蓋技術(shù)作為繼種子、農(nóng)藥、化肥之后的第四大農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)資料，因其保溫增墑、抗旱節(jié)水的特點為農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)方式的改變提供了可能，早在20世紀90年代我國農(nóng)作物覆膜栽培面積就曾多達6000多萬畝，被譽為山區(qū)脫貧致富的“溫飽工程”。
 
　　隨著技術(shù)的進步，我國覆膜栽培從冷涼地區(qū)發(fā)展到城郊平原，從果蔬作物擴大到糧棉作物。但是在提質(zhì)增效的同時，廢棄的農(nóng)膜塑料卻也帶來了不容忽視的環(huán)境資源問題。地膜降解產(chǎn)生有害物質(zhì)，降低了土壤含水量，削弱抗旱能力，引起次生鹽漬化，造成土壤板結(jié)且肥力下降并直接影響土壤供應作物水分、養(yǎng)分能力。而殘膜的隨意堆放更是造成了嚴重的“白色污染”。
 
　　《行動計劃》的印發(fā)意味著廢舊地膜將走出一條提升質(zhì)量標準、提高回收率和資源化利用的新路子：以加厚地膜應用、機械化撿拾、專業(yè)化回收、資源化利用為主攻方向。
 
　　行動：農(nóng)膜回收行動不斷推進，現(xiàn)有問題亟待解決
 
　　農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部消息，自啟動農(nóng)膜回收行動以來，構(gòu)建了國家、省、縣三級工作推進組，創(chuàng)建了100個地膜回收示范縣、4個地膜生產(chǎn)者責任延伸試點縣，培育壯大了地膜回收第三方主體，加大了降解地膜試驗示范和殘膜機械回收研發(fā)力度、對接了產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系，完善了地膜殘留監(jiān)測網(wǎng)絡，強化了地膜回收監(jiān)督考核，有力推動了農(nóng)膜回收工作。
 
　　目前，內(nèi)蒙古、新疆、甘肅3省(區(qū))100個地膜回收示范縣面積已達5500多萬畝。2017年甘肅省回收廢舊地膜13.6萬噸，回收利用率達80.1%，從事廢舊農(nóng)膜回收加工的各類企業(yè)已達224家；新疆40個覆膜大縣已接近80%，建成86個廢舊地膜回收加工廠、475個廢舊農(nóng)膜回收站。
 
　　“敢叫舊貌換新顏”，農(nóng)膜回收行動的全面推進，使得很多農(nóng)村地區(qū)“白色污染”得到有效防控，但目前依然存在不少問題亟待解決。一般來說，殘膜含雜率50%以下才有回收價值，只有使用厚膜，殘膜的機械化回收和工廠化加工才能更好實現(xiàn)。但是現(xiàn)狀卻是在同等覆蓋面積下，地膜越薄，畝均使用成本越低，因此易碎的超薄地膜更加受歡迎。而超薄地膜的使用會導致一系統(tǒng)環(huán)境問題，因其易破碎的特點，人工撿拾清理難度大，現(xiàn)有殘膜回收機械又難以滿足回收要求。此外，殘膜回收治理的標準和政策方面的相對缺失也為殘膜回收的進一步發(fā)展提高了難度。
 
　　在此基礎上，未來還需要以加厚地膜應用、機械化撿拾、專業(yè)化回收、資源化利用為主攻方向，加快可降解地膜等新型產(chǎn)品的引進試驗，推進新型地膜產(chǎn)品由試驗研究走向示范推廣；在生產(chǎn)端或銷售端給予生產(chǎn)廠商或農(nóng)民補貼，提高推廣使用可降解地膜的積極性；加大自主創(chuàng)新力度，研發(fā)生產(chǎn)更加適用實效的殘膜回收機械，為殘膜回收機械化解決后顧之憂。

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