智能化新時代：傳統(tǒng)養(yǎng)蜂業(yè)“洋氣”變身

2018-10-12 14:30:01 來源：中國農機網原創(chuàng) 作者：四夕 閱讀量：49227 評論

　　【中國農機網 編輯視角】“真珠為漿玉為醴，六月田夫汗流泚。不如春甕自生香，蜂為耕耘花作米。一日小沸魚吐沫，二日眩轉清光活。三日開甕香滿城，甘露微濁醍醐清。”
 
　　——蘇軾
 
　　我國的蜜蜂產業(yè)可以說是歷史悠久，早在3000多年前的甲骨文中就出現(xiàn)了“蜜”字，而在東漢時期就已經出現(xiàn)了人工養(yǎng)殖蜜蜂，是世界上早飼養(yǎng)蜜蜂的國家之一。此后，在20世紀，西方蜜蜂和現(xiàn)代養(yǎng)蜂技術逐漸傳入中國，使得養(yǎng)蜂業(yè)成為農業(yè)的重要組成部分。
 
　　事實上，發(fā)展養(yǎng)蜂業(yè)一方面是為農民增加創(chuàng)收渠道，另一方面對于促進農業(yè)生產和改善生活環(huán)境方面也發(fā)揮著重要作用。蜜蜂授粉可以使農產品增產，利于保護植物多樣性、改善生態(tài)環(huán)境，在一定程度上來說，蜜蜂授粉為農業(yè)創(chuàng)造的實際價值還大于蜂產品自身價值。而隨著現(xiàn)代社會人們生態(tài)意識的不斷增強，蜜蜂授粉技術已在蔬菜、水果、油料和保護地栽培作物等方面不斷普及推廣。
 
　　瓶頸：傳統(tǒng)養(yǎng)蜂業(yè)后繼乏力
 
　　作為農業(yè)中的重要組成部分，養(yǎng)蜂業(yè)與傳統(tǒng)農業(yè)一樣，深受氣候條件的制約，基本上可以說是“靠天吃飯”。為了追花奪蜜，養(yǎng)蜂人長年奔波在荒野或路邊，基本靠手工操作，生活枯燥、工作艱辛、效益低下、收入不穩(wěn)定，導致部分人棄蜂改行，這直接威脅著養(yǎng)蜂業(yè)的發(fā)展。
 
　　此外，我國傳統(tǒng)的養(yǎng)蜂業(yè)大多以分散式、小規(guī)模的家庭生產模式為主，養(yǎng)蜂從業(yè)人員很多都是依靠師傅帶徒弟的方式培養(yǎng)出來的，真正的專業(yè)人員少。而隨著現(xiàn)代化、信息化發(fā)展，農村“空心化”問題日益嚴重，遠離城市、條件艱苦、相對閉塞且收入難以保證的山區(qū)，技術性強、勞動強度大的養(yǎng)蜂業(yè)逐漸失去了對年輕人的吸引力，養(yǎng)蜂隊伍面臨后繼無人的尷尬境地。
 
　　為追求利益，有的蜂農不等蜂蜜達到自然成熟，就把蜂蜜取出來，傳統(tǒng)的封蓋取蜜的生產方式被勤搖蜜、多取蜜的生產方式所替代。蜂蜜自然成熟應有的色香味減少了，甚至還有個別蜂農在蜂蜜中摻雜使假或藥殘超標，這些問題都直接影響了蜂蜜的質量以及蜂蜜市場的良性競爭環(huán)境，這在一定程度上又反過來制約了整個養(yǎng)蜂行業(yè)的發(fā)展。
 
　　實踐：養(yǎng)蜂行業(yè)產業(yè)化、規(guī)范化運營
 
　　面臨養(yǎng)蜂隊伍后繼乏力和蜂蜜市場惡性競爭的現(xiàn)狀，養(yǎng)蜂產業(yè)逐步實現(xiàn)產業(yè)化、規(guī)范化、標準化、規(guī)模化運營已然是大勢所趨。對于養(yǎng)蜂隊伍應加強科學管理，成立養(yǎng)蜂合作社或為辦法。同時，應當加強市場監(jiān)管，盡量減少低價無序的惡性競爭，相關蜂產品企業(yè)更是應當提升誠信意識和行業(yè)自律意識。
 
　　在此方面，近幾年來隨著各項惠農政策的實施和各項補貼范圍的擴大，實行新增補貼向專業(yè)大戶、家庭農場和農民合作社傾斜政策，發(fā)展家庭農場又將為規(guī)?；B(yǎng)蜂帶來新的生機，蜜蜂產業(yè)規(guī)模化、現(xiàn)代化經營方式將在各級政府和相關部門的大力支持和扶持下，進一步加快發(fā)展。
 
　　2014年印發(fā)的《2014年農業(yè)機械購置補貼實施指導意見》的通知中明確將養(yǎng)蜂專用平臺(含蜜蜂踏板、蜂箱保濕裝置、蜜蜂飼喂裝置、電動搖蜜機、電動取漿器、花粉干燥箱)納入農業(yè)機械購置補貼范圍，促進養(yǎng)蜂行業(yè)進一步發(fā)展。
 
　　在生產管理和產品質量管理方面，隨著食品生產安全體系的不斷建立健全，對于蜂蜜市場的管理也更加規(guī)范，2011年中國蜂產品協(xié)會開始實施蜂產品生產溯源管理工作，從蜂產品生產的源頭養(yǎng)蜂生產開始到產品進入消費者手中，實現(xiàn)全過程可追溯管理。
 
　　轉型：現(xiàn)代養(yǎng)蜂業(yè)助力產業(yè)扶貧
 
　　近年來，隨著國家支持蜂農專業(yè)合作社政策的出臺以及科學養(yǎng)蜂的觀念逐漸深入人心，養(yǎng)蜂生產的組織化程度和規(guī)?；接辛送黄菩缘霓D變和提高。
 
　　廣西陽朔縣養(yǎng)蜂取蜜歷史悠久，是追花奪蜜放蜂人到南方山區(qū)越冬和采冬蜜的傳統(tǒng)蜂場之一，國家蜂產業(yè)技術體系崗位科學家和自治區(qū)養(yǎng)蜂指導站專家每年在政策和技術上給予大力支持。當前，陽朔縣依然將蜜蜂養(yǎng)殖產業(yè)作為脫貧致富的重要途徑，當?shù)匕汛罅Πl(fā)展蜂產業(yè)與蜂產業(yè)扶貧結合起來，采用自養(yǎng)、半托管、全托管3種模式進行蜜蜂養(yǎng)殖產業(yè)扶貧。
 
　　今年，陽朔縣列入蜂產業(yè)扶貧的貧困戶共22戶，其中采用自養(yǎng)模式7人，半托管模式1人，全托管模式14人，至9月26日，共收獲九龍?zhí)俜涿?800公斤，總價值18萬元，戶均可增收8000元。
 
　　新時代的產物：養(yǎng)蜂專用車——可移動的養(yǎng)蜂專用平臺
 
　　隨著現(xiàn)代農業(yè)的發(fā)展，農業(yè)機械成為農業(yè)現(xiàn)代化的基礎和重要標志之一，在農業(yè)領域的應用不斷延伸拓展。但是對于養(yǎng)蜂行業(yè)來做，目前很多地方依然是停留在人工養(yǎng)殖階段，機械化程度低，搬運蜂箱追趕花源就意味著必須要有雇車、裝車等重重環(huán)節(jié)，既費時費工還不一定能趕上花期，整個生產過程處于被動中，嚴重影響著養(yǎng)蜂經濟效益。
 
　　因此，如何加強蜜蜂養(yǎng)殖業(yè)機械化顯然成為了一個亟待解決的問題，養(yǎng)蜂專用平臺應運而生。而養(yǎng)蜂專用車更是可以說是廣大養(yǎng)蜂人的智慧集成，其集中了養(yǎng)蜂的各種先進設備、機械，適合追花奪蜜實踐，在車廂上就能完成蜂群管理、蜂產品采集等工作。養(yǎng)蜂車具有技術含量高、實用性能強、經濟實惠等特點，適合養(yǎng)蜂專業(yè)化在野外實用，既可*養(yǎng)蜂人的生活，又可減輕勞動強度，大大提高了養(yǎng)蜂經濟效益。

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