談“網(wǎng)紅小龍蝦”背后的養(yǎng)殖產(chǎn)業(yè)

2018-06-13 16:29:14 來源：農(nóng)機網(wǎng)原創(chuàng) 作者：林言 閱讀量：50237 評論

　　【中國農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 編輯視角】近兩年，每到了5、6月份，受歡迎、火爆的網(wǎng)紅食品莫過于小龍蝦了。這個季節(jié)長江以南的地區(qū)簡直是吃小龍蝦的天堂，各家餐館店鋪都在爭相叫賣，食客絡(luò)繹不絕。近些年隨著消費升級和網(wǎng)絡(luò)營銷的快速發(fā)展，我國小龍蝦產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展迅猛，國內(nèi)消費市場持續(xù)放大?；鸨男↓埼r市場也帶動了小龍蝦產(chǎn)業(yè)的迅速發(fā)展。
 
　　據(jù)6月12日農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部漁業(yè)漁政管理局聯(lián)合全國水產(chǎn)技術(shù)推廣總站、中國水產(chǎn)學會在江蘇盱眙發(fā)布的《中國小龍蝦產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展報告(2018)》顯示，2017年我國小龍蝦養(yǎng)殖面積突破1000萬畝，產(chǎn)量突破100萬噸；2017年小龍蝦全社會經(jīng)濟總產(chǎn)值約2685億元，比2016年增長83.15%，其中，養(yǎng)殖業(yè)產(chǎn)值約485億元，占社會經(jīng)濟總產(chǎn)值的18.06%。
 
　　目前，小龍蝦養(yǎng)殖已成為生態(tài)循環(huán)農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的主要模式之一，是新時代加快推進漁業(yè)綠色發(fā)展具活力、潛力和特色的朝陽產(chǎn)業(yè)。小龍蝦養(yǎng)殖模式主要有稻蝦綜合種養(yǎng)、池塘主養(yǎng)、蓮藕(葦)田套養(yǎng)、河蟹池混養(yǎng)、大水面人工增養(yǎng)殖等。其中，稻蝦綜合種養(yǎng)和池塘主養(yǎng)為各地主要養(yǎng)殖模式。
 
　　稻蝦共生，種養(yǎng)結(jié)合
 
　　近年來，已有多個地區(qū)實行“稻蝦共生”這種模式，它是一種將小龍蝦在稻田里養(yǎng)殖的種養(yǎng)模式，這種模式能達到種養(yǎng)雙贏的效果。龍蝦在田間爬動松土，使得稻田土質(zhì)不宜板結(jié)，有效防止水稻根莖腐爛，蝦糞又能為水稻補充足量的養(yǎng)分；龍蝦在稻田四處爬動，攝食害蟲和蟲卵，使得水稻的天敵無處存生，如此一來既能肥田又能降低水稻的病蟲害，可以大幅提高稻田產(chǎn)值；除此之外，由于龍蝦對化肥農(nóng)藥十分敏感，稻田不能使用化肥農(nóng)藥，在這種生態(tài)模式下，稻田減少農(nóng)藥用量超過50%，減少化肥用量超過30%，起到了明顯的降本增效的作用。
 
　　稻蝦互利共生的復(fù)合循環(huán)種養(yǎng)生態(tài)模式，充分利用了稻田光、熱、水及生物資源，把水田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的種植業(yè)與養(yǎng)殖業(yè)有機結(jié)合了起來，在確保糧食穩(wěn)產(chǎn)的前提下，形成了”一水兩用，一田雙收、種養(yǎng)雙贏“的格局，大限度提高了稻田產(chǎn)出率，同步提升了品質(zhì)和價格。
 
　　人工池塘養(yǎng)殖：工廠化機械化
 
　　工廠化、機械化是一切養(yǎng)殖產(chǎn)業(yè)擴大規(guī)模、提益的基礎(chǔ)。小龍蝦的工廠化養(yǎng)殖也是如此。目前我國小龍蝦工廠化養(yǎng)殖還尚未成熟，下面筆者簡單介紹一下養(yǎng)殖的關(guān)鍵。
 
　　首先，育苗設(shè)施有講究。工廠化育苗設(shè)施主要有室內(nèi)孵化池、臺苗池、供水系統(tǒng)、供氣系統(tǒng)及應(yīng)急供電設(shè)備等。繁殖池、育苗池的面積一般為12～20米²，池水1米左右，建有進排水系統(tǒng)及供氣設(shè)施，進排水管道以塑料制品為好。
 
　　其次，水源是基本也是重要的因素，它決定著水質(zhì)條件和養(yǎng)殖成敗。一般要求水源穩(wěn)定、充足、清潔、衛(wèi)生、水溫適宜，水質(zhì)良好，無任何污染，符合國家漁業(yè)水質(zhì)標準，同時要求注、排水方便，且單排單注。在注、排水口要建好攔魚網(wǎng)具，既避免敵害生物及野雜魚入池，又可防止各種養(yǎng)殖品種的逃逸。
 
　　第三，要增產(chǎn)須調(diào)節(jié)水質(zhì)。精養(yǎng)池塘應(yīng)配備專門的增氧機，增氧機具有增氧、攪水和曝氣的功能，是目前有效的改善水質(zhì)、防止浮頭、提高產(chǎn)量的專用養(yǎng)殖機械之一。因此，在池塘養(yǎng)殖小龍蝦時，高產(chǎn)池塘需要使用增氧機。目前，我國已生產(chǎn)出噴水式、水車式、管葉式、涌噴式、射流式和葉輪式等類型的增氧機，其中以葉輪式增氧機增氧效果好，在小龍蝦池塘養(yǎng)殖中使用也廣泛。
 
　　結(jié)語
 
　　我國人口眾多，中國人自古以來講究“民以食為天”，不管怎樣，小龍蝦這個生于稻田、火于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的“網(wǎng)紅食品”實實在在地帶動了相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的發(fā)展。隨著消費熱情的持續(xù)升溫，小龍蝦生產(chǎn)也在不斷擴大。未來，希望在各產(chǎn)地政府的持續(xù)重視下，小龍蝦養(yǎng)殖設(shè)施可以進一步完善，全面實現(xiàn)工廠化、機械化，并帶動養(yǎng)殖、加工、運輸、餐飲、節(jié)慶文化全產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈發(fā)展，使小龍蝦真正成為可以走出的民族“網(wǎng)紅食品”。
 
　　本文由農(nóng)機網(wǎng)(epigene.com.cn)原創(chuàng)，部分資料來源：農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部漁業(yè)漁政管理局、水產(chǎn)資料大全,如有侵權(quán)或異議請聯(lián)系我們。

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