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第47個世界環(huán)境日：再談生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)

2018-06-05 17:25:43 來源：中國農(nóng)機網(wǎng)原創(chuàng) 作者：林言 閱讀量：53269 評論

導(dǎo)讀：今天（6月5日）是一個特別的日子，2018年的今天是第47個世界環(huán)境日。在1972年10月，第27屆聯(lián)合國大會采納了聯(lián)合國人類環(huán)境會議的建議，規(guī)定每年的6月5日為“世界環(huán)境日”，它反映了世界各國人民對環(huán)境問題的認識和態(tài)度，表達了人類對美好環(huán)境的向往和追求。我國作為人口大國和農(nóng)業(yè)大國，農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)環(huán)境問題至關(guān)重要，在世界環(huán)境日這天各地開展環(huán)境污染防治攻堅戰(zhàn)的同時，我國農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展中存在的生態(tài)環(huán)境問題更加顯得

　　【中國農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 編輯視角】今天(6月5日)是一個特別的日子，2018年的今天是第47個世界環(huán)境日。在1972年10月，第27屆聯(lián)合國大會采納了聯(lián)合國人類環(huán)境會議的建議，規(guī)定每年的6月5日為“世界環(huán)境日”，它反映了世界各國人民對環(huán)境問題的認識和態(tài)度，表達了人類對美好環(huán)境的向往和追求。我國作為人口大國和農(nóng)業(yè)大國，農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)環(huán)境問題至關(guān)重要，在世界環(huán)境日這天各地開展環(huán)境污染防治攻堅戰(zhàn)的同時，我國農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展中存在的生態(tài)環(huán)境問題更加顯得“無處循形”。
 

 
　　目前，我國農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟發(fā)展進入好歷史時期，然而在取得巨大成就的同時也付出了巨大的代價——資源利用的弦繃得越來越緊，生態(tài)環(huán)境的承載能力越來越接近極限。中國農(nóng)業(yè)資源環(huán)境遭受著外源性污染和內(nèi)源性污染的雙重壓力，農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展遭遇瓶頸。由于化肥、農(nóng)藥長期不合理且過量使用，畜禽糞便、農(nóng)作物秸稈和農(nóng)田殘膜等農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物不合理處置，農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染日益嚴(yán)重。目前，我國農(nóng)業(yè)已超過工業(yè)成為我國大的面源污染產(chǎn)業(yè)，總體狀況不容樂觀。
 
　　農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)大敵之一：化肥
 
　　過量施用、盲目施用化肥不僅影響農(nóng)產(chǎn)品品質(zhì)，更重要的是會對土壤造成不可挽救的影響。土壤資源是寶貴的農(nóng)業(yè)資源、重要的生產(chǎn)要素，土壤質(zhì)量關(guān)系到十幾億人的吃飯問題。過量使用化肥會使土壤養(yǎng)分失衡、土壤肥力和有機質(zhì)下降，導(dǎo)致耕地土壤酸化、土壤流失，嚴(yán)重會導(dǎo)致土壤板結(jié)，終喪失農(nóng)業(yè)耕種價值。要緩解這一問題，一方面，提高化肥利用率、實現(xiàn)減量增效，推廣使用新型肥料、生物肥料等有機肥；另一方面，開展農(nóng)機深松整地是改善耕地質(zhì)量、提高農(nóng)業(yè)綜合生產(chǎn)能力、促進質(zhì)量興農(nóng)、綠色興農(nóng)的重要舉措。農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部5月14日下發(fā)的《關(guān)于做好2018年農(nóng)機深松整地工作的通知》指出，各地要切實完成好今年深松整地目標(biāo)任務(wù)，同時因地制宜開展作業(yè)補助。要求各地要廣泛宣傳農(nóng)機深松的重要作用，努力提高廣大農(nóng)民開展深松整地的自覺性，積極探索適宜本地的深松技術(shù)模式，挖掘深松面積增加潛力。
 
　　農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)大敵之二：農(nóng)藥
 
　　為了保證糧食生產(chǎn)，防治病蟲害的發(fā)生，目前農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)已離不開農(nóng)藥的使用。據(jù)統(tǒng)計，歐美發(fā)達國家農(nóng)藥的利用率達到50%至60%，而我國農(nóng)藥利用率僅為38.8%。據(jù)了解，在農(nóng)藥的使用過程中，真正作用與農(nóng)業(yè)害蟲的農(nóng)藥僅有10-30%左右，進入大氣、水體的部分約為20-30%，殘留在土壤中的約有50-60%。越是大量使用農(nóng)藥越容易形成惡性循環(huán)，而若將農(nóng)藥利用率提高2.2個百分點，則相當(dāng)于減少農(nóng)藥使用量3萬噸(實物量)、減少生產(chǎn)投入約12億元。因此，合理使用農(nóng)藥、提高農(nóng)藥使用效率，同時加大政策支持，對采用農(nóng)藥減量、農(nóng)藥殘留降解等環(huán)境友好型技術(shù)和應(yīng)用、低毒、低殘留農(nóng)藥和生物農(nóng)藥的農(nóng)戶進行補貼是解決農(nóng)藥污染的重要舉措。
 
　　其他污染源
 
　　除化肥農(nóng)藥外，農(nóng)作物秸稈焚燒和農(nóng)膜殘留問題也是農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)的重要污染源。
 
　　近年來在各地政府的嚴(yán)格把關(guān)下，秸稈焚燒問題得到很大緩解，下一步要加大推廣秸稈綜合利用，尤其是秸稈還田，既能減少污染又能再次利用。
 
　　農(nóng)膜殘留問題不僅會對農(nóng)作物產(chǎn)生危害，而且會降低土壤肥力以及對農(nóng)村景觀造成“視覺污染”。防治農(nóng)膜污染應(yīng)遵循“以宣傳教育為先導(dǎo)，以強化管理為核心，以回收利用為主要手段，以替代產(chǎn)品為補充措施”的原則，積極防治殘膜污染，主要通過清理和回收利用來減少污染，并依靠有利于回收利用的經(jīng)濟政策提高回收利用率。
 
　　結(jié)語
 
　　地球生態(tài)環(huán)境關(guān)系到每一個行業(yè)、每一個人，而農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)對于我國這樣一個農(nóng)業(yè)大國更是有著重要的地位。我國農(nóng)業(yè)在走向機械化、現(xiàn)代化的同時，更應(yīng)該注重發(fā)展綠色農(nóng)業(yè)、生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)，保證農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展才是我國走向農(nóng)業(yè)強國的根基。在今天這個第47個世界環(huán)境日，讓我們再次呼吁發(fā)展生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)，保護人類環(huán)境。
 
 

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