從94%的小麥機(jī)收率看我國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械發(fā)展歷程

2018-06-01 08:44:54 來(lái)源：中國(guó)農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)原創(chuàng) 作者：林言 閱讀量：51679 評(píng)論

　　【中國(guó)農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 編輯視角】每年5月至6月是全國(guó)小麥的收割季節(jié)。據(jù)農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部統(tǒng)計(jì)，截至5月28日，全國(guó)已收獲小麥3260萬(wàn)畝，日機(jī)收面積超過(guò)400萬(wàn)畝，全國(guó)“三夏”大規(guī)模小麥跨區(qū)機(jī)收大會(huì)戰(zhàn)已全面啟動(dòng)。據(jù)了解，今年全國(guó)將有63萬(wàn)臺(tái)聯(lián)合收割機(jī)投入小麥?zhǔn)崭?，全?guó)冬小麥機(jī)收率將超過(guò)94%。
 
　　回首過(guò)去，短短二三十年間我國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化面貌發(fā)生了翻天覆地的變化。以小麥?zhǔn)崭顬槔?，從人工收割到小機(jī)械收割再到現(xiàn)在的大型聯(lián)合收割機(jī)，這是時(shí)代的記憶也是我國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村發(fā)展的見(jiàn)證。
 
　　自古以來(lái)的人力收割
 
　　小麥自古以來(lái)就是我國(guó)重要的糧食作物之一，然而千百年來(lái)，小麥?zhǔn)崭疃际强咳肆Α?ldquo;田家少閑月，五月人倍忙。夜來(lái)南風(fēng)起，小麥覆隴黃。婦姑荷簞食，童稚攜壺漿，相隨餉田去，丁壯在南岡。足蒸暑土氣，背灼炎天光，力盡不知熱，但惜夏日長(zhǎng)。”唐代白居易的《觀(guān)刈麥》充分表達(dá)了麥?zhǔn)諘r(shí)節(jié)人力收割小麥的艱辛。在從前的歲月里，糧食豐收帶來(lái)的不僅是喜悅更多的卻是勞累。早上天不亮就要拿著鐮刀下地，白天頂著火爐似的太陽(yáng)也不敢停歇，彎腰弓背一整天，大片大片未割的麥子卻還鋪的滿(mǎn)眼都是。等到割完了，撿麥穗、打麥子又成了另一道累人的工序。麥?zhǔn)諘r(shí)節(jié)，農(nóng)民們?cè)谪S收的歡愉與身心的疲憊之間體味著兩重世界，而這一生產(chǎn)模式，一下子就延續(xù)了數(shù)千年。
 
　　改革開(kāi)放后的逐步發(fā)展
 
　　到了上世紀(jì)90年代，國(guó)內(nèi)部分農(nóng)村地區(qū)已經(jīng)開(kāi)始使用小麥?zhǔn)崭顧C(jī)，逐漸改變了“面朝黃土背朝天，手握鐮刀把腰彎”的狀況，但小麥?zhǔn)崭詈竺摿＿€得用專(zhuān)門(mén)的打麥機(jī)，那時(shí)候收割、脫粒、曬干全都是分時(shí)段進(jìn)行的，一場(chǎng)麥?zhǔn)障聛?lái)要耗時(shí)一個(gè)月左右。
 
　　1996年，國(guó)家有關(guān)部委開(kāi)始組織大規(guī)模小麥跨區(qū)機(jī)收服務(wù)，機(jī)收范圍從初的山西、河南、河北三個(gè)省份迅速擴(kuò)大到21個(gè)省、自治區(qū)和直轄市。2004年頒布實(shí)施了《農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化促進(jìn)法》，國(guó)家明確提出加快推進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化的要求和措施，購(gòu)機(jī)補(bǔ)貼政策對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化發(fā)展和農(nóng)機(jī)工業(yè)發(fā)展起到了明顯的拉動(dòng)作用，國(guó)內(nèi)農(nóng)機(jī)裝備總量持續(xù)快速增長(zhǎng)、裝備結(jié)構(gòu)不斷優(yōu)化，向技術(shù)含量高、綜合性能強(qiáng)的大型化方向發(fā)展。對(duì)農(nóng)民來(lái)說(shuō)機(jī)收小麥大大降低了勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度、提高了效率，解放了農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力，同時(shí)也促進(jìn)了土地集約化和農(nóng)村合作社的發(fā)展與成熟。
 
　　農(nóng)業(yè)全面機(jī)械化
 
　　目前，聯(lián)合收割機(jī)已是大田作業(yè)不可缺少的農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，聯(lián)合收割機(jī)收割小麥，比一般人工收割減少脫粒損失5～8%，一臺(tái)大型谷物聯(lián)合收割機(jī)一天可收割小麥400～500畝。

 

　　現(xiàn)代聯(lián)合收割機(jī)一個(gè)工作日可以收割12萬(wàn)平方米以上的谷物。
 
　　除此之外，如今的聯(lián)合收割機(jī)能一次完成谷類(lèi)作物的收割、脫粒、分離莖桿、清除雜余物等工序，從田間直接獲取谷粒，加上近年谷物烘干機(jī)的大量使用，避免了以前小麥?zhǔn)斋@后曬干時(shí)對(duì)天氣的極度依賴(lài)性。全程機(jī)械化使成熟的小麥從田地到直接收入倉(cāng)庫(kù)時(shí)間不超過(guò)一星期，大大提高了生產(chǎn)效率、節(jié)約了勞動(dòng)成本。
 
　　隨著農(nóng)業(yè)全程、全面機(jī)械化水平的進(jìn)一步提高，精量播種、化肥深施、植保、秸稈還田、深松整地等農(nóng)機(jī)化新技術(shù)應(yīng)用面積不斷擴(kuò)大，農(nóng)機(jī)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化作業(yè)程度進(jìn)一步提高。集收獲、耕整、播種于一體的機(jī)械化復(fù)式作業(yè)應(yīng)用范圍也在逐步擴(kuò)大，農(nóng)業(yè)搶收搶種能力和農(nóng)業(yè)綜合生產(chǎn)能力在進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)。農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化不僅讓農(nóng)民告別了延續(xù)千年的“面朝黃土背朝天”的艱苦狀態(tài)、讓農(nóng)民過(guò)上了好日子，更是我國(guó)從農(nóng)業(yè)大國(guó)走向農(nóng)業(yè)強(qiáng)國(guó)的根基。
 
 

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