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寧夏農(nóng)機推廣站制定過濕地塊水稻機械化收獲減損技術指引

2024-10-11 08:35:02 來源：寧夏農(nóng)業(yè)機械化技術推廣站/技術推廣科 閱讀量：19534 評論

導讀：寧夏農(nóng)業(yè)機械化技術推廣站制定過濕地塊水稻機械化收獲減損技術指引，加強技術指導與服務。

　　【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 當前，寧夏水稻機械化收獲已進入關鍵時期，為有效應對連續(xù)降雨災害對水稻收獲造成的影響，積極解決過濕地塊水稻機械化收獲問題，寧夏農(nóng)業(yè)機械化技術推廣站制定過濕地塊水稻機械化收獲減損技術指引，加強技術指導與服務。
 
　　一、排出地塊積水。機械化收獲前，應盡力減少地塊積水量，為機具進田作業(yè)創(chuàng)造良好條件。一是對于田間積水嚴重的地塊，應采用排灌設備及時抽排積水。二是對于無法用設備抽排的積水地塊，應疏通溝渠排水，開挖深溝瀝水。三是積水地塊抽排水時，做到排水一塊搶收一塊。四是對于過濕地塊不需要早收搶收的水稻品種，盡量等濕氣有所消退后再進行收獲。
 
　　二、選擇收獲機具。機械下地作業(yè)前，應仔細觀察地塊泥濘程度或積水情況，科學選擇收獲機具。一是對于長時間浸水且呈泥濘狀態(tài)(土壤含水量飽和)的農(nóng)田，輪式聯(lián)合收獲機作業(yè)時易發(fā)生陷機和破壞耕層土壤結構，優(yōu)先選用履帶式聯(lián)合收獲機，可有效減少接地壓力，對過濕地塊適應性好，也可更早開展作業(yè)。二是如無履帶式聯(lián)合收獲機，亦可將輪式聯(lián)合收獲機改造為半履帶式行走(將驅動輪更換為三角履帶)，或加裝一對驅動輪胎，增加接地面積。
 
　　三、調整和改造機具。在較為泥濘的濕田中收獲潮濕水稻時，可通過調整改造履帶式水稻收獲機部件位置及參數(shù)進行作業(yè)。一是調整撥禾輪位置。調整原則是以撥禾輪不帶回割下作物為準，降低撥禾輪高度，能較好地扶持作物切割，撥禾輪前后位置要調整到切割器正上方位置，能將割下作物均勻鋪放在割臺上。二是調整滾筒的轉速和間隙。籽粒水分相對大時，滾筒的轉速相應調整高些和間隙調整小些。在保證脫谷物凈率的基礎上，以減少破碎率和糙米率。三是調整篩子開度和風量。水分相對大時，篩子開度要調整大些。風量大小應使短莖稈和穎殼處于漂浮狀態(tài)為佳，脫出物在風扇和篩箱的作用下，短莖稈通過穎殼篩落到機外，穎殼被吹出，清潔的籽粒通過滑板進入糧食攪龍。四是采用履帶式聯(lián)合收獲機械作業(yè)時，應根據(jù)地塊情況對履帶張緊程度進行調整，泥濘地塊適當調緊一些，干燥地塊適當調松，以提高機具通過能力、減少履帶磨損。
 
　　四、選擇作業(yè)方式。作業(yè)前，仔細觀察水稻地塊泥濘程度，針對性地采取作業(yè)措施。一是降低作業(yè)速度和拔禾輪轉速。撥禾輪轉速要與作業(yè)速度相匹配，撥禾輪的轉速應比收割機的收割速度快大約10%。收獲潮濕水稻時，要調低作業(yè)速度與撥禾輪轉速，減少拔禾輪打擊次數(shù)，降低掉粒損失。二是控制喂入量。要減小喂入量，保證割下作物均勻喂入，不超過收割機脫谷負荷。三是及時清理凹板篩、振動篩、割刀和喂入筒入口的秸稈屑及泥土，保證通透干凈，沒有雜物，避免發(fā)生堵塞。四是收獲作業(yè)同步開展秸稈還田作業(yè)時，應注意觀察秸稈還田作業(yè)質量，如不滿足生產(chǎn)需求可適時開展二次秸稈還田作業(yè)。
 
　　五、及時烘干和收儲。收獲后的水稻稻谷含水率如未達到儲藏要求，應及時烘干。烘干作業(yè)應遵循就近原則，提前聯(lián)系烘干地點，統(tǒng)籌安排，合理拉運，隨收隨烘，避免濕糧長時間堆放。水稻宜采用低溫烘干，可選用循環(huán)式或連續(xù)式烘干機。烘干前，應進行初清，達到含雜率≤2%且不得有長莖稈、麻袋繩、塑料薄膜等雜物的要求。應測定谷物初始含水率，同一批烘干的谷物水分不均度應≤3%。烘干時，水稻籽粒溫度一般不超過40℃，最高不超過43℃，應控制干燥速率不大于1.5%/h，防止爆腰率增大。烘干后，谷物色澤氣味應無明顯變化，無熱損傷粒、焦糊粒。

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