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當(dāng)前玉米防災(zāi)減損促豐收生產(chǎn)技術(shù)意見

2024-07-12 09:37:05 來源：全國(guó)農(nóng)技中心 閱讀量：15447 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀：為加快調(diào)優(yōu)玉米群體結(jié)構(gòu)，夯實(shí)防災(zāi)減災(zāi)和豐產(chǎn)基礎(chǔ)，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部玉米專家指導(dǎo)組會(huì)同全國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心以“優(yōu)化肥水、一噴多促、促控結(jié)合、統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治”為重點(diǎn)，提出當(dāng)前玉米防災(zāi)減損促豐收生產(chǎn)技術(shù)意見。

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 熱點(diǎn)關(guān)注】 當(dāng)前，北方主產(chǎn)區(qū)春玉米多處于小喇叭口至大喇叭口期，局部受早春干旱、前期漬澇等影響導(dǎo)致生育期推遲；黃淮海夏播玉米已進(jìn)入出苗和苗期階段，由于播期遭遇高溫干旱，苗情復(fù)雜；西南春玉米進(jìn)入灌漿期、夏玉米進(jìn)入拔節(jié)期，低洼地塊受陰雨漬澇影響出現(xiàn)倒伏。近期東北氣溫回升較快，主雨帶北抬，黃淮海地區(qū)降雨明顯增多、南方降雨間歇，氣象形勢(shì)總體有利于玉米生長(zhǎng)。為加快調(diào)優(yōu)玉米群體結(jié)構(gòu)，夯實(shí)防災(zāi)減災(zāi)和豐產(chǎn)基礎(chǔ)，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部玉米專家指導(dǎo)組會(huì)同全國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心以“優(yōu)化肥水、一噴多促、促控結(jié)合、統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治”為重點(diǎn)，提出當(dāng)前玉米防災(zāi)減損促豐收生產(chǎn)技術(shù)意見。
 
　　南方排漬澇促灌漿
 
　　綜合施策保產(chǎn)
 
　　多雨漬澇風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高地區(qū)，按照梯次漸深原則開好廂溝、腰溝、圍溝等田間“三溝”，及時(shí)清溝理渠，保障溝系排澇暢通。低洼積水地塊，迅速組織人力、物力，采取深挖擴(kuò)容、清淤除障等疏浚措施加快排水；不具備挖溝條件的，架設(shè)水泵，采取強(qiáng)排措施，減少玉米水淹時(shí)間。對(duì)灌漿成熟期遇多雨倒伏的春玉米田視情況墊扶，有條件的可待玉米完全成熟選晴好天氣及時(shí)收獲并烘干；淹水嚴(yán)重田塊可提前收割、避雨立稈堆放，促進(jìn)植株?duì)I養(yǎng)加快轉(zhuǎn)移到籽粒；對(duì)遭遇極端災(zāi)害難以形成籽粒的適時(shí)青貯，減少損失。對(duì)尚在拔節(jié)期的夏玉米視情況補(bǔ)施3—5公斤/畝花粒肥，增加養(yǎng)分供應(yīng)。
 
　　北方搶積溫促生長(zhǎng)
 
　　因苗因地管理
 
　　受低溫內(nèi)澇影響較重的弱苗地塊，或“黃苗”“紫苗”等生長(zhǎng)不良地塊，酌情追施尿素等速效肥料或噴施磷酸二氫鉀、氨基酸、蕓苔素等葉面肥和生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)劑，促弱轉(zhuǎn)壯，加快植株恢復(fù)生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育；有條件地區(qū)利用晴好天氣加快中耕作業(yè)，破除土壤板結(jié)，疏松土壤，散墑增溫，增強(qiáng)土壤透氣性，并根據(jù)實(shí)際情況培土。根據(jù)土壤肥力、植株長(zhǎng)勢(shì)、前期肥料施用方法等，在小喇叭口期至開花期采用水肥一體化或高架追肥機(jī)等追肥，補(bǔ)充植株所需養(yǎng)分，有條件的推廣應(yīng)用“一噴多促”技術(shù)，增強(qiáng)群體抗逆應(yīng)災(zāi)能力。密植地塊、長(zhǎng)勢(shì)偏旺地塊以及風(fēng)口地區(qū)、風(fēng)災(zāi)頻發(fā)區(qū)域，在玉米6—8展葉期噴施化控劑，降低株高、塑造抗倒株型；生長(zhǎng)過旺的做好10—12展葉期化控，調(diào)優(yōu)群體結(jié)構(gòu)。生育進(jìn)程推遲明顯的，后期視情況采取葉面噴肥和站稈扒皮等措施，促進(jìn)籽粒早熟。
 
　　夏季防高溫抗干旱
 
　　提前做好應(yīng)對(duì)
 
　　提前制定災(zāi)害應(yīng)對(duì)預(yù)案，及早儲(chǔ)備應(yīng)急救災(zāi)農(nóng)資裝備，謹(jǐn)防玉米關(guān)鍵生育期遭遇高溫?zé)岷透邷馗珊弹B加影響。如遇旱及時(shí)澆水，因地制宜推廣滴灌、壟灌、微噴灌等節(jié)水灌溉措施，因時(shí)因地噴施抗旱劑、葉面肥，增強(qiáng)玉米抗旱能力。開花吐絲期如遇高溫視情況灌水補(bǔ)墑，有條件的可使用無人機(jī)輔助授粉，提高結(jié)實(shí)率。黃淮海夏玉米區(qū)因旱缺苗較多的，視情況補(bǔ)種或毀種重播，選擇中早熟品種7月上旬完成播種；時(shí)刻關(guān)注玉米出苗后苗情旱情，及時(shí)做好二次灌溉準(zhǔn)備。
 
　　強(qiáng)化病蟲草害防控
 
　　做好統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治
 
　　對(duì)尚未拔節(jié)玉米田，在玉米3—5葉期、雜草2—4葉期選擇合適除草劑化學(xué)除草，嚴(yán)格用藥劑量，在上午9時(shí)前或下午5時(shí)后的無風(fēng)天氣進(jìn)行噴藥，避開中午高溫時(shí)段，謹(jǐn)防藥害。大部分田塊玉米已超過5片可見葉，雨后高溫田間雜草較多的地塊，需注意選擇安全藥劑，并嚴(yán)格按照說明書控制藥量，及早除草。加強(qiáng)玉米病蟲害監(jiān)測(cè)預(yù)警，近期重點(diǎn)關(guān)注北方春玉米大斑病、炭疽病、二代粘蟲、玉米螟等，黃淮海地區(qū)甜菜夜蛾、薊馬、褐斑病、頂腐等，西南和南方地區(qū)灰斑病、白斑病、莖腐病、草地貪夜蛾等病蟲害，及時(shí)開展綠色防控和統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治。

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