2024年山西省花生生產(chǎn)技術(shù)指導意見

2024-04-07 13:04:11 來源：山西省農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村廳 閱讀量：16390 評論

　　【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 地方農(nóng)機】 為切實加強技術(shù)支撐，進一步提升我省花生生產(chǎn)水平，結(jié)合氣象條件和生產(chǎn)實際，特制定2024年山西省花生生產(chǎn)技術(shù)指導意見。
 
　　一、整地施肥
 
　　選擇環(huán)境良好，遠離污染源，土壤肥沃、砂黏適中的砂質(zhì)壤土，且連續(xù)三年以上沒有種過花生的地塊。每畝施入優(yōu)質(zhì)有機肥1500～2000公斤，純氮5～10公斤，純磷6～8公斤，純鉀4～5公斤。精細耙耱，拾凈根茬，保蓄土壤水分。
 
　　二、選用良種
 
　　選擇適宜當?shù)貧夂驐l件，增產(chǎn)潛力大、抗旱能力強、抗病性強的優(yōu)良品種，推薦選用魯花系列、冀花系列、天府系列、濰花系列等品種。
 
　　三、適時播種
 
　　花生播種前進行藥劑拌種或包衣，陰干備播。春播花生一般4月下旬～5月上旬播種，復播花生一般5月下旬～6月上旬播種。視品種生育期長短，適期早播。
 
　　四、播種方式
 
　　選擇花生起壟、鋪膜、施肥、播種一體機播種，一次性完成下種、鋪膜、覆土、施肥等作業(yè)。采用寬窄行(寬行50厘米，窄行30厘米，穴距20厘米)機播，播種深度為3～5厘米，一穴雙粒，大粒型品種畝播8000～10000穴，小粒型品種畝播9000～11000穴，肥水條件較好的地塊宜稀，旱薄地塊宜密。
 
　　五、田間管理
 
　　(一)查田護膜。覆膜播種的應及時查田護膜，防止刮風揭膜和地膜破口透風。花生出苗后，要及時破膜放苗，防止燒苗，破膜放苗應在清晨完成。出苗后3～5天內(nèi)，要及時進行查苗，缺苗嚴重的地方要及時補苗，使單位面積苗數(shù)達到計劃要求的數(shù)量，一般可采用催芽補種的方式進行。
 
　　(二)清棵蹲查。在花生基本齊苗時，用小鋤在花生幼苗周圍將土向四周扒開，按照播種出苗順序進行清棵。
 
　　(三)水肥管理。苗期追肥，每畝追施尿素5～8公斤。生長發(fā)育中后期，葉面噴施“三肥”，即磷、鉬、硼肥，根據(jù)天氣變化和土壤墑情靈活澆水。
 
　　(四)中耕培土。花生封壟前，露地花生在行間、地膜花生在壟間進行中耕培土，利于果針入土結(jié)實。露地花生播種后應及時封閉除草，機械播種鋪膜可與噴施除草劑一次性完成。苗后除草可噴施花生專用除草劑。開花下針期避免噴施除草劑，以免產(chǎn)生藥害，導致果針入土困難。
 
　　(五)葉面噴肥。從花生結(jié)莢后期開始，每隔7～10天，噴施1%尿素水溶液、2%～3%過磷酸鈣水澄清液等，共噴2～3次。中后期噴施殺菌劑、生長調(diào)節(jié)劑等用于防病控旺防倒伏，同時增施葉面肥提高防葉斑防早衰的效果。
 
　　(六)病蟲草害防治。因地制宜選用抗病耐病優(yōu)良品種，合理布局、輪作倒茬，覆蓋除草地膜、預防病蟲草害發(fā)生。及時拔除病株殘體，深翻土地、保持田園清潔，降低病蟲源數(shù)量。安置頻振式殺蟲燈防治害蟲，積極保護利用天敵，防治病蟲害。
 
　　六、適時收獲
 
　　當植株頂端不再生長，中下部葉片大部分脫落，頂部葉片轉(zhuǎn)黃，傍晚葉片不再閉合，大果型品種飽滿莢果比率達到70%以上，小果型品種飽滿莢果比率達到80%以上時進行收獲，后期光照足、氣溫適宜的地區(qū)可適當晚收，延長飽果充實時間，提高花生產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)。

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