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大慶：高位部署 多措并舉 推動(dòng)秸稈綜合利用 破解秸稈禁燒難題

2024-03-06 09:15:46 來源：黑龍江省農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村廳 閱讀量：19901 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀：自2020年黑土地保護(hù)性耕作免耕播種政策實(shí)施以來，大慶按照省級(jí)安排部署，立足地處全省保護(hù)性耕作制度推廣核心區(qū)域?qū)嶋H，配備力量、組建專班，對(duì)農(nóng)戶開展政策宣傳引導(dǎo)，扎實(shí)推廣以玉米秸稈覆蓋免耕為主的保護(hù)性耕作制度，免耕播種實(shí)施面積實(shí)現(xiàn)逐年遞增，且連續(xù)4年位居全省前列。

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 地方農(nóng)機(jī)】 全省秸稈綜合利用工作啟動(dòng)以來，大慶堅(jiān)持高位推動(dòng)，切實(shí)將秸稈綜合利用工作擺在突出位置研究部署，深入統(tǒng)籌謀劃，健全工作機(jī)制，嚴(yán)格督導(dǎo)檢查，推動(dòng)了全市秸稈綜合利用工作有序開展。
 
　　一、全力全面推廣玉米免耕播種模式，推動(dòng)秸稈還田
 
　　大慶地處科爾沁沙地末端，土壤類型以黑鈣土、鹽堿土和風(fēng)沙土為主，不適合秋季秸稈翻埋和碎混模式，適宜采取以春季免耕播種為主的保護(hù)性耕作模式。自2020年黑土地保護(hù)性耕作免耕播種政策實(shí)施以來，大慶按照省級(jí)安排部署，立足地處全省保護(hù)性耕作制度推廣核心區(qū)域?qū)嶋H，配備力量、組建專班，對(duì)農(nóng)戶開展政策宣傳引導(dǎo)，扎實(shí)推廣以玉米秸稈覆蓋免耕為主的保護(hù)性耕作制度，免耕播種實(shí)施面積實(shí)現(xiàn)逐年遞增，且連續(xù)4年位居全省前列。2023年，全市保護(hù)性耕作免耕播種實(shí)施面積達(dá)到742萬畝，占全市玉米種植面積的98.2%，超額完成省下達(dá)任務(wù)面積的34%，免耕播種作業(yè)監(jiān)測(cè)合格面積624.8萬畝，其中：一檔面積288.7萬畝，二檔面積305.4萬畝，三檔面積13.4萬畝。從數(shù)據(jù)來看，2023年免耕播種作業(yè)第二檔面積同比增長(zhǎng)了30%，說明廣大農(nóng)戶已經(jīng)認(rèn)可了部分秸稈離田與免耕播種結(jié)合的作業(yè)模式，達(dá)到“三贏”效果。一贏是田間秸稈密度有所下降，打消了農(nóng)民認(rèn)為的全量秸稈覆蓋可造成免耕播種出苗率低、除草效果差等顧慮，進(jìn)而將秸稈一燒了之；二贏是保證了秸稈還田面積和還田量，廣大作業(yè)機(jī)主又能享受到免耕播種作業(yè)政策補(bǔ)貼資金；三贏是秸稈綜合利用企業(yè)也得到了離田秸稈。應(yīng)用免耕播種技術(shù)最大限度地減輕了秸稈禁燒的壓力，為秸稈綜合利用提供了最有效、最可行的出口。
 
　　二、精心精細(xì)推廣玉米免耕播種技術(shù)，消除焚燒隱患
 
　　大慶大部分地區(qū)春播時(shí)節(jié)風(fēng)沙較大，且土壤多為風(fēng)沙土，免耕播種技術(shù)能夠防風(fēng)固土、蓄水保墑，通過免耕作業(yè)，能夠解決高留茬風(fēng)險(xiǎn)地塊的火點(diǎn)隱患。我們對(duì)玉米高留茬風(fēng)險(xiǎn)地塊，已形成兩套成熟的技術(shù)模式：一是合作社、農(nóng)戶準(zhǔn)備采取普通的免耕播種作業(yè)的，可以在播種作業(yè)期通過免耕播種機(jī)前置滅茬機(jī)或掃茬器對(duì)高留茬進(jìn)行處理，進(jìn)而解決高留茬問題，不影響播種質(zhì)量；二是合作社、農(nóng)戶準(zhǔn)備采取這幾年大力推廣的“4090”條帶少耕高產(chǎn)栽培模式的，播前使用免耕播種機(jī)前置稈集行器歸集留茬秸稈，形成40cm行距的播種帶、90cm行距的秸稈覆蓋還田帶，在播種帶上用免耕播種機(jī)精量播種，隔年交替種植的模式，實(shí)現(xiàn)秸稈全量還田、保墑抗旱、蓄水防澇、節(jié)本增產(chǎn)。通過這兩種免耕播種方式，都可以解決高留茬問題，既實(shí)現(xiàn)秸稈還田、培肥地力，同時(shí)消除風(fēng)險(xiǎn)地塊焚燒隱患。通過持續(xù)政策宣傳引導(dǎo)、技術(shù)模式推廣、示范地塊引帶，全市農(nóng)戶已基本形成了“秸稈是寶，堅(jiān)決不燒”的思想認(rèn)識(shí)，實(shí)施免耕播種的高留茬地塊，焚燒秸稈風(fēng)險(xiǎn)已基本消除。
 
　　下一步，大慶將按照省級(jí)安排部署，持續(xù)做好秸稈綜合利用和禁燒工作，利用好積雪消融“窗口期”，組織秸稈收儲(chǔ)運(yùn)主體和廣大農(nóng)戶加快推進(jìn)秸稈離田進(jìn)度，對(duì)打完包未離地的，抓緊清運(yùn)出地，對(duì)尚未打包的秸稈，組織好打包清運(yùn)的有效銜接，切實(shí)做到“應(yīng)離盡離”。同時(shí)，通過春季免耕播種將待還田面積全部完成，并對(duì)實(shí)施保護(hù)性耕作地塊嚴(yán)加管護(hù)看護(hù)，把責(zé)任落實(shí)到戶到人，確保秸稈覆蓋率，提高免耕作業(yè)等級(jí)，確保全市秸稈綜合利用水平不斷提升，確保禁燒管控工作真正見到實(shí)效。

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