果樹茶葉應對持續(xù)雨雪天氣及災后管理技術(shù)指導意見

2024-02-12 08:01:00 來源：農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部 閱讀量：15981 評論

　　【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 熱點關(guān)注】近日，我國中東部遭遇了今冬最強雨雪天氣過程，給局部地區(qū)水果、茶葉生產(chǎn)帶來不利影響，尤其是凍雨對樹體和防護設(shè)施損傷較大。氣象部門預計南方大范圍雨雪仍將持續(xù)，除夕之后南方將明顯回暖。為做好冰凍雨雪天氣應對和災后恢復生產(chǎn)，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部種植業(yè)管理司組織全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心、農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部果樹和茶葉專家指導組、國家柑橘和茶葉產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系，研究制定《果樹茶葉應對持續(xù)雨雪天氣及災后管理技術(shù)指導意見》。
 
　　一、果樹
 
　　（一）持續(xù)做好強降雨雪天氣應對
 
　　1.覆蓋。可用薄膜、無紡布、草簾等保溫材料覆蓋樹體，減少樹冠與雨雪直接接觸，建議采取單株或單行覆蓋，利于凍雨從覆蓋物順流而下和積雪清理，以防壓垮樹體。
 
　　2.設(shè)施加固。加固避雨棚、簡易大棚等支撐結(jié)構(gòu)較弱的防護設(shè)施，增加支撐密度，以防短時強降雨雪壓垮設(shè)施結(jié)構(gòu)。垮塌風險較大的設(shè)施，應優(yōu)先保護大棚骨架結(jié)構(gòu)，必要時提前割破薄膜或防護網(wǎng)，減輕頂部載重。
 
　　3.適時加溫。設(shè)施內(nèi)高價值柑橘、草莓等水果，可采用多種措施實施臨時加溫，短時降雪量較大時，在保障人員安全前提下，及時巡查設(shè)施承雪情況，清除過多積雪。此外，可視情況采取熏煙措施，加強果園長波光逆輻射，提高果園溫度，減輕低溫影響。
 
　　（二）雨雪災后及時采取恢復措施
 
　　1.除雪和土壤管理。大雪或霜凍過后，及時清理樹上和樹盤下的積雪或霜。及時全園或樹盤淺耕松土(切忌傷根)，改善土壤通氣，促發(fā)新根。
 
　　2.樹體管理。已被凍雨影響樹體結(jié)冰的，不宜強制除冰，以防樹體和枝葉二次機械損傷和傷口感染。劈折樹枝的傷口進行清理和防護，對折斷或凍傷枝條進行修剪、清園和無害化處理。
 
　　3.及時修剪。盡早摘除受凍萎蔫不能復原或枯焦未落的葉片，在春季升溫后截掉受凍枝梢，盡量多保留樹冠內(nèi)部和下部枝梢。對大的剪(鋸)口要削平滑、用合適的保護劑保護傷口。對于直接暴露在強烈陽光下的骨干枝，應涂白或綁縛遮陽網(wǎng)防曬。
 
　　4.肥水管理。氣溫回升后，按照“勤施、薄施”原則，及時追施2—3次高氮低鉀或其他優(yōu)質(zhì)商品水溶肥。未落葉的受凍樹，及時用0.1%尿素和0.3%—0.5%磷酸二氫鉀進行葉面噴肥，間隔15—20天連續(xù)噴施2—3次。
 
　　5.1.2.樹冠3.做好行間。根據(jù)當?shù)貤l件，用稻草、麥稈、豆秸、油菜稈、綠肥、麥殼、豆殼、菜籽殼、落葉、樹皮、木屑或野草等覆蓋茶行土壤，覆蓋物厚度一般應達10cm以上，以不露土為宜。
 
　　廠房（二）1.及時清除樹冠積雪。在積雪融化前，及時清除樹冠面上積雪，防止積雪壓斷生產(chǎn)枝和已發(fā)芽枝條或造成凍害。可用吹雪機吹除或掃帚、樹枝側(cè)面敲打等方式清除樹冠積雪，或氣溫高于0度時，利用噴灌設(shè)備沖洗積雪。
 
　　適時進行修剪3.。受到冰雪危害的茶樹應加強土壤養(yǎng)分管理，應早施春季催芽肥，成齡生產(chǎn)茶園每畝施用10—20公斤18-8-12(N-P2O5-K2O)配方的茶樹專用復合肥，幼齡茶園每畝施用5—10公斤15-15-15(N-P2O5-K2O)配方的復合肥，并可配合施用葉面肥。對于根系受凍茶樹，可在新發(fā)枝上葉片成熟后進行根外追肥。氣溫回升后，及時中耕除草改善土壤透氣狀況，增強茶樹根系吸收活力。

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