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寧夏：倒伏玉米機(jī)械化收獲減損技術(shù)指引

2023-09-19 10:30:37 來(lái)源：寧夏農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化技術(shù)推廣站 閱讀量：18675 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀：為有效應(yīng)對(duì)可能發(fā)生的風(fēng)雨天氣對(duì)玉米收獲造成的不利影響，確保秋糧顆粒歸倉(cāng)，自治區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化技術(shù)推廣站制定印發(fā)了倒伏玉米機(jī)械化收獲減損技術(shù)指引。

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 地方農(nóng)機(jī)】當(dāng)前，寧夏即將進(jìn)入“三秋”機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)關(guān)鍵時(shí)期，為有效應(yīng)對(duì)可能發(fā)生的風(fēng)雨天氣對(duì)玉米收獲造成的不利影響，確保秋糧顆粒歸倉(cāng)，自治區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化技術(shù)推廣站制定印發(fā)了倒伏玉米機(jī)械化收獲減損技術(shù)指引。
 
　　一、選擇適宜收獲方式和機(jī)具
 
　　機(jī)械化收獲作業(yè)前，實(shí)地觀察玉米倒伏情況，科學(xué)選擇收獲方式和機(jī)具。一是收獲倒伏玉米，要提前搶收，籽粒含水量高于25%，宜選用果穗收獲機(jī)；籽粒含水率低于25%，可選用籽粒收獲機(jī)。二是收獲倒伏玉米，宜選用割臺(tái)長(zhǎng)度長(zhǎng)、傾角小、分禾器尖能夠貼地作業(yè)的高性能玉米收獲機(jī)。三是收獲倒伏嚴(yán)重且植株折斷比率較高或作為青貯飼料的玉米，宜選用具有籽粒破碎功能的地滾刀割臺(tái)式青貯玉米收獲機(jī)。四是對(duì)于有積水或土壤濕度大的地塊，宜選用履帶式或加裝半履帶收獲機(jī)，防止陷車。
 
　　二、提前檢查和調(diào)試機(jī)具
 
　　由于收獲倒伏玉米難度大，對(duì)作業(yè)機(jī)具的要求更高，要全面檢查調(diào)整好機(jī)具，保證收獲機(jī)各系統(tǒng)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)正常。一是經(jīng)重新拆裝、保養(yǎng)或修理后的玉米收獲機(jī)要認(rèn)真檢查行走、轉(zhuǎn)向、割臺(tái)、輸送、剝皮、脫粒、清選、卸糧等機(jī)構(gòu)的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)、傳動(dòng)、間隙情況，并調(diào)整到位。二是作業(yè)前，檢查升降系統(tǒng)是否工作正常；檢查有無(wú)異常響聲和漏油、漏水情況；檢查割臺(tái)、機(jī)架等部件有無(wú)變形情況。三是發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題及時(shí)解決，使玉米聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)達(dá)到最佳工作狀態(tài)，預(yù)防和減少作業(yè)故障的發(fā)生，提高收獲質(zhì)量和效率。四是備足備好田間作業(yè)常用工具、零配件、易損零配件等，以便出現(xiàn)故障時(shí)能夠及時(shí)排除。
 
　　三、改裝機(jī)具方式
 
　　立足收獲倒伏玉米實(shí)際需要，對(duì)現(xiàn)有收獲機(jī)適當(dāng)改裝，提升收獲效果。一是加長(zhǎng)扶禾裝置。在收獲機(jī)割臺(tái)上加長(zhǎng)分禾器尖或加裝倒伏扶禾裝置，增加扶禾作業(yè)行程，適當(dāng)降低割臺(tái)小傾角度數(shù)，使倒伏玉米更加平順進(jìn)入割臺(tái)。二是加裝強(qiáng)制喂入裝置。通過(guò)加裝輔助撥禾輪或螺旋扶倒器，增加作物強(qiáng)制喂入功能，使玉米秸稈喂入割臺(tái)前盡量扶正，有條件的地區(qū)也可加裝動(dòng)力撓爪，進(jìn)一步提高倒伏玉米歸集喂入質(zhì)量。三是改裝內(nèi)部功能結(jié)構(gòu)。視情況將鐵膠混合剝皮輥改裝為全膠剝皮輥，提高扒皮效果，防止鐵輥溝槽粘連泥土降低作業(yè)效果；將排雜輥改為浮動(dòng)狀態(tài)，加裝強(qiáng)力風(fēng)機(jī)，將喂入割臺(tái)的玉米整株有效排出；調(diào)整脫粒滾筒轉(zhuǎn)速和凹板間隙，避免過(guò)度揉搓，防止莖葉中的水分進(jìn)入玉米籽粒。
 
　　四、確定收獲時(shí)間
 
　　玉米倒伏后應(yīng)盡早收獲,以免發(fā)生霉變。一是收獲時(shí)間要根據(jù)當(dāng)時(shí)的天氣情況、品種特性和栽培條件來(lái)確定，合理安排收獲順序，適時(shí)搶收。二是收獲時(shí)間盡量選擇露水消退后進(jìn)行收獲，減少莖葉中的水分進(jìn)入籽粒，防止霉變發(fā)生。三是對(duì)于倒伏嚴(yán)重且發(fā)生莖折或根折的玉米，符合收獲條件的可及早進(jìn)行收獲或直接粉碎還田。四是如遇雨季迫近，且品種易折稈的情況，應(yīng)提前收獲，確保顆粒歸倉(cāng)。
 
　　五、選擇作業(yè)方式
 
　　下地前，仔細(xì)觀察玉米倒伏程度，針對(duì)性地采取作業(yè)方式。一是確定收獲方向。對(duì)于倒伏方向與種植行平行的玉米植株宜采取逆向?qū)π惺斋@方式，并空轉(zhuǎn)返回，有利于扶起倒伏玉米進(jìn)行收割；對(duì)于倒伏方向不一致的玉米植株宜采取往復(fù)對(duì)行收獲作業(yè)方式，應(yīng)避免與種植行垂直方向收獲。二是降低作業(yè)速度。收獲時(shí)通過(guò)降檔加油門方式勻速作業(yè)，使喂入速度與各系統(tǒng)作業(yè)能力相協(xié)調(diào)，防止倒伏后玉米籽粒濕度較高和果穗粘連泥土等原因造成堵塞，影響作業(yè)效果加大作業(yè)損失。三是降低割臺(tái)高度。視玉米倒伏情況，調(diào)整收獲機(jī)分禾器尖與地面的距離，盡量扶起倒伏玉米，割臺(tái)要及時(shí)清理，防止秸稈和泥土在割臺(tái)堆積，影響作業(yè)效果和效率。四是調(diào)整作業(yè)幅寬。實(shí)時(shí)控制喂入量，防止喂入量過(guò)大，影響收獲質(zhì)量，增加損失率、破碎率。當(dāng)玉米行距寬窄不一，可不必滿割幅作業(yè)，避免剮蹭相鄰行莖稈，導(dǎo)致植株倒折及果穗掉落，增加損失。五是選用還田裝置。有人工撿拾條件的地區(qū)，收獲作業(yè)時(shí)可斷開秸稈還田裝置動(dòng)力或?qū)⒃撗b置提升至最高位置，防止漏收玉米果穗被打碎，方便人工撿拾，減少收獲損失。需要秸稈還田的可利用秸稈粉碎還田機(jī)進(jìn)行再次作業(yè)。
 
　　六、科學(xué)烘干和收儲(chǔ)
 
　　收獲倒伏玉米后，要及時(shí)抓好玉米烘干、倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)，減少損失和霉變。一是采取果穗收獲方式，要及時(shí)對(duì)收集的果穗進(jìn)行清選，剔除霉變，果穗應(yīng)離地儲(chǔ)存，及時(shí)通風(fēng)降水，有條件的可適時(shí)脫粒、烘干、倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)，保證糧食質(zhì)量。二是采取籽粒收獲方式時(shí)，應(yīng)及時(shí)采用連續(xù)式糧食烘干機(jī)進(jìn)行烘干，水分降低后倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)，以防霉變損失。

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