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連日降雨如何收割倒伏玉米？陜西省制定秋淋天氣玉米機(jī)械化收獲技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見

2021-10-13 10:28:58 來源：農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)整理發(fā)布 閱讀量：39086 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀：當(dāng)前正值“三秋”生產(chǎn)關(guān)鍵時(shí)期，北方多省份連日降雨為玉米機(jī)收帶來嚴(yán)峻挑戰(zhàn)。為了應(yīng)對(duì)陜西省陰雨天氣造成的土壤濕度加大、機(jī)具進(jìn)地困難等問題，著力加快玉米機(jī)械化搶收進(jìn)度，減少災(zāi)害損失，近日，陜西省農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化發(fā)展中心制定了《陜西省應(yīng)對(duì)秋淋天氣玉米機(jī)械化收獲技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見》

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 熱點(diǎn)關(guān)注】 當(dāng)前正值“三秋”生產(chǎn)關(guān)鍵時(shí)期，北方多省份連日降雨為玉米機(jī)收帶來嚴(yán)峻挑戰(zhàn)。為了應(yīng)對(duì)陜西省陰雨天氣造成的土壤濕度加大、機(jī)具進(jìn)地困難等問題，著力加快玉米機(jī)械化搶收進(jìn)度，減少災(zāi)害損失，近日，陜西省農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化發(fā)展中心制定了《陜西省應(yīng)對(duì)秋淋天氣玉米機(jī)械化收獲技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見》(以下簡(jiǎn)稱《指導(dǎo)意見》)。
 
　　《指導(dǎo)意見》針對(duì)田間積水、機(jī)械選擇、收獲時(shí)間、倒伏玉米和安全作業(yè)分別給出了指導(dǎo)：
 
　　對(duì)田間積水嚴(yán)重的地塊，應(yīng)動(dòng)員各方力量，采用排灌設(shè)備抓緊抽排積水；對(duì)一般積水地塊，盡快疏通溝渠排水，開挖深溝瀝水，為玉米收割機(jī)盡快進(jìn)地創(chuàng)造條件；
 
　　玉米收獲機(jī)在選擇常規(guī)機(jī)械的基礎(chǔ)上，優(yōu)先選用履帶式或小型玉米收獲機(jī)。有烘干條件的可選擇玉米籽粒收獲機(jī)，倉儲(chǔ)條件差的可選用帶苞葉收獲機(jī)。有條件的地方可將現(xiàn)有玉米收割機(jī)普通輪胎改為高花紋水田輪胎，提高收獲機(jī)作業(yè)通過性能；
 
　　根據(jù)土壤墑情、地塊特點(diǎn)、品種特性和栽培條件，合理安排收獲順序，做到適時(shí)搶收，盡量選擇露水消退后進(jìn)行收獲，防止霉變發(fā)生。堅(jiān)持作業(yè)服從墑情，避免由于濕地?fù)屖?，機(jī)械進(jìn)地過度壓實(shí)土壤影響后續(xù)機(jī)械播種問題發(fā)生。
 
　　收獲倒伏玉米方面：
 
　　(一)選擇適宜收獲機(jī)械。①宜選用割臺(tái)長(zhǎng)度長(zhǎng)、傾角小、分禾器尖能夠貼地作業(yè)的高性能玉米收獲機(jī)。②對(duì)于有積水或土壤濕度大的地塊，宜選用履帶式或加裝半履帶收獲機(jī)，防止陷車。③對(duì)于倒伏嚴(yán)重且植株折斷比率較高或有青貯飼料需求的地方，宜選用具有籽粒破碎功能的青貯玉米收獲機(jī)。
 
　　(二)做好機(jī)具調(diào)試改裝。①加長(zhǎng)扶禾裝置。在收獲機(jī)割臺(tái)上加長(zhǎng)分禾尖或加裝倒伏扶禾裝置，增加扶禾作業(yè)行程，適當(dāng)減小割臺(tái)傾角，使倒伏玉米更加平順進(jìn)入割臺(tái)。②加裝強(qiáng)制喂入裝置。通過加裝輔助撥禾輪或螺旋扶倒器，增加作物強(qiáng)制喂入功能，使玉米秸稈喂入割臺(tái)前盡量扶正，有條件的地區(qū)也可加裝動(dòng)力撓爪，進(jìn)一步提高倒伏玉米歸集喂入質(zhì)量。③改裝內(nèi)部功能結(jié)構(gòu)。視情將鐵膠混合剝皮輥改裝為全膠剝皮輥，提高扒皮效果，防止鐵輥溝槽粘連泥土降低作業(yè)效果；將排雜輥改為浮動(dòng)狀態(tài)，加裝強(qiáng)力風(fēng)機(jī)，將喂入割臺(tái)的玉米整株有效排出；針對(duì)籽粒收獲機(jī)，調(diào)整脫粒滾筒轉(zhuǎn)速和凹板間隙，避免過度揉搓，防止莖葉中的水分過多附著于玉米籽粒。
 
　　(三)合理選擇收獲方式。①確定收獲方向。對(duì)于玉米倒伏方向與種植行垂直的玉米宜采取對(duì)行收割方式；對(duì)于倒伏方向與種植行平行的作物宜采取逆向?qū)π惺崭罘绞?。②降低作業(yè)速度。收獲時(shí)通過降檔加油門方式勻速作業(yè)，使喂入速度與脫粒速度相協(xié)調(diào)，防止倒伏后玉米籽粒濕度較高和果穗粘連泥土等原因造成的堵塞。③降低割臺(tái)高度。視玉米倒伏情況，調(diào)整收獲機(jī)分禾器尖與地面的距離，盡量扶起倒伏玉米，割臺(tái)要及時(shí)清理，防止秸稈和泥土在割臺(tái)堆積。④停用還田裝置。斷開秸稈還田裝置動(dòng)力或?qū)⒃撗b置提升至最高位置，防止漏收玉米果穗被打碎，方便人工撿拾，減少收獲損失。需要秸稈還田的可利用秸稈粉碎還田機(jī)進(jìn)行再次作業(yè)。
 
　　最后，要加強(qiáng)對(duì)機(jī)手農(nóng)機(jī)安全宣傳和培訓(xùn)，提高其安全意識(shí)和規(guī)范操作能力。加強(qiáng)田間巡查，指導(dǎo)機(jī)手作業(yè)時(shí)遠(yuǎn)離溝渠、崖堎、電桿拉線等復(fù)雜地形，確保搶收作業(yè)安全。
 
　　本文由農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)(epigene.com.cn)整理發(fā)布，資料來源：陜西省農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化發(fā)展中心。

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