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玉米機(jī)械化收獲減損技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)(2021年5月修訂)

2021-06-30 09:26:34 來(lái)源:農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化管理司 閱讀量:15281 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀: 本技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)適用于玉米機(jī)械化摘穗/籽粒收獲作業(yè)。在一定區(qū)域內(nèi),玉米品種及種植模式、行距應(yīng)盡量規(guī)范一致,作物及地塊條件適于機(jī)械化收獲。應(yīng)選擇與作物種植行距、成熟期、適宜收獲方式對(duì)應(yīng)的玉米收獲機(jī)并提前檢查調(diào)試好機(jī)具,確認(rèn)適宜收獲期,執(zhí)行玉米機(jī)收作業(yè)質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和操作規(guī)程,努力減少收獲環(huán)節(jié)的落穗、落粒、破碎等損失。

  【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 本技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)適用于玉米機(jī)械化摘穗/籽粒收獲作業(yè)。在一定區(qū)域內(nèi),玉米品種及種植模式、行距應(yīng)盡量規(guī)范一致,作物及地塊條件適于機(jī)械化收獲。應(yīng)選擇與作物種植行距、成熟期、適宜收獲方式對(duì)應(yīng)的玉米收獲機(jī)并提前檢查調(diào)試好機(jī)具,確認(rèn)適宜收獲期,執(zhí)行玉米機(jī)收作業(yè)質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和操作規(guī)程,努力減少收獲環(huán)節(jié)的落穗、落粒、破碎等損失。
 
  一、作業(yè)前機(jī)具準(zhǔn)備
 
  玉米聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)作業(yè)前要做好充分的保養(yǎng)與調(diào)試工作,使機(jī)具達(dá)到最佳工作狀態(tài),預(yù)防和減少作業(yè)故障的發(fā)生,提高收獲質(zhì)量和效率。
 
  (一)機(jī)具檢查
 
  作業(yè)季節(jié)前要依據(jù)產(chǎn)品使用說(shuō)明書(shū)對(duì)玉米收獲機(jī)進(jìn)行一次全面檢查與保養(yǎng),確保機(jī)具在整個(gè)收獲期能正常工作。經(jīng)重新拆裝、保養(yǎng)或修理后的玉米收獲機(jī)要認(rèn)真做好試運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),仔細(xì)檢查行走、轉(zhuǎn)向、割臺(tái)、輸送、剝皮、脫粒、清選、卸糧等機(jī)構(gòu)的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)、傳動(dòng)、間隙等情況。作業(yè)前,要檢查各操縱裝置功能是否正常;檢查各部位軸承及軸上高速轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)件(如莖稈切碎裝置,中間軸)安裝情況;離合器、制動(dòng)踏板自由行程是否適當(dāng);燃油、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)機(jī)油、潤(rùn)滑油、冷卻液是否適量;儀表盤各指示是否正常;輪胎氣壓是否正常;V型帶、鏈條、張緊輪等是否松動(dòng)或損傷,運(yùn)動(dòng)是否靈活可靠;檢查和調(diào)整各傳動(dòng)皮帶的張緊度,防止作業(yè)時(shí)皮帶打滑;重要部位螺栓、螺母有無(wú)松動(dòng);有無(wú)漏水、滲油等現(xiàn)象;所有防護(hù)罩是否緊固,檢查窗、密封件、金屬擋板等部位是否閉合、密封完全。備足備好田間作業(yè)常用工具、零配件、易損零配件等,以便出現(xiàn)故障時(shí)能夠及時(shí)排除。進(jìn)行空載試運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),檢查液壓系統(tǒng)工作情況,液壓管路和液壓件的密封情況;檢查軸承是否過(guò)熱及皮帶、鏈條的傳動(dòng)情況,以及各連接部件的緊固情況。
 
  (二)試收
 
  正式收獲前,選擇有代表性的地塊進(jìn)行試收,對(duì)機(jī)器調(diào)試后的技術(shù)狀態(tài)進(jìn)行一次全面的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)檢查,根據(jù)實(shí)際的作業(yè)效果和農(nóng)戶要求進(jìn)行必要調(diào)整。首先應(yīng)根據(jù)種植行距選擇匹配的收獲機(jī)割臺(tái),種植行距與割臺(tái)割行中心之間的差別在±5厘米以內(nèi)(寬幅多行收獲時(shí)應(yīng)保證種植行距與割行中心距差別在±3厘米以內(nèi)),超過(guò)此限則應(yīng)更換割臺(tái)適宜的收獲機(jī)。收獲機(jī)進(jìn)入田間后,接合動(dòng)力檔,使機(jī)器緩慢運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。確認(rèn)無(wú)異常后,將割臺(tái)液壓操縱手柄下壓,降落割臺(tái)到合適位置(使摘穗板或摘穗輥前部位于玉米結(jié)穗位下部30—50厘米處),對(duì)準(zhǔn)玉米行正中,緩慢結(jié)合主離合,使各機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),若無(wú)異常方可使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速提升至額定轉(zhuǎn)速;待各機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)平穩(wěn)后,再掛低速擋前進(jìn)。首先應(yīng)采用收獲機(jī)使用說(shuō)明書(shū)推薦的參數(shù)設(shè)置進(jìn)行試收,采取正常作業(yè)速度試收30米左右停機(jī),并倒車至起始位置,檢查各位置果穗、籽粒損失、破碎、含雜等情況,確認(rèn)有無(wú)漏割、堵塞等異常情況。
 
  檢查損失時(shí),應(yīng)明確損失類型和發(fā)生原因。損失區(qū)域由籽粒(果穗)相對(duì)于聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)的位置而定,收獲時(shí)損失一般包含收割前損失、收獲機(jī)損失,收獲機(jī)損失一般又分為割臺(tái)損失、脫粒損失、清選損失、苞葉夾帶籽粒損失等。應(yīng)明確收獲損失的種類,然后進(jìn)行針對(duì)性調(diào)整。收獲前損失一般由天氣、病蟲(chóng)害或其他不利因素造成,這部分損失需要通過(guò)品種、田間管理等進(jìn)行調(diào)控。為了減少機(jī)械收獲損失,應(yīng)對(duì)摘穗輥(或拉莖輥、摘穗板)、輸送、剝皮、脫粒、清選等機(jī)構(gòu)視情況進(jìn)行必要調(diào)整。調(diào)整后再進(jìn)行試收檢測(cè),直至達(dá)到質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為止。試收過(guò)程中,應(yīng)注意觀察、傾聽(tīng)機(jī)器工作狀況,發(fā)現(xiàn)異常及時(shí)排除。
 
  二、確定適宜收獲期和收獲方式
 
  玉米適期收獲可增加粒重、減少損失、提高產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì),過(guò)早或過(guò)晚收獲將對(duì)玉米的產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)產(chǎn)生不利影響。玉米成熟的標(biāo)志是植株的中、下部葉片變黃,基部葉片干枯,果穗變黃,苞葉干枯呈黃白色而松散,籽粒脫水變硬乳線消失,微干縮凹陷,籽?;?胚下端)出現(xiàn)黑帽層,并呈現(xiàn)出品種固有的色澤。玉米收獲適期因品種、播期及生產(chǎn)目的而異。
 
  果穗收獲:對(duì)種植中晚熟品種和晚播晚熟的地塊,玉米籽粒含水率一般在25%以上時(shí),應(yīng)采取機(jī)械摘穗、曬場(chǎng)晾棒或整穗烘干的收獲方式,待果穗籽粒含水率降至25%以下或東北地區(qū)白天室外氣溫降至-10℃時(shí),再用機(jī)械脫粒。
 
  籽粒直收:對(duì)種植早熟品種的地塊,當(dāng)籽粒含水率降至25%以下或東北地區(qū)白天室外氣溫降至-10℃時(shí),可利用玉米籽粒聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)直接進(jìn)行脫粒收獲,減少晾曬再脫粒成本。
 
  要根據(jù)當(dāng)時(shí)的天氣情況、品種特性和栽培條件確定適宜收獲期,合理安排收獲順序,做到因地制宜、適時(shí)搶收,確保顆粒歸倉(cāng)。如遇雨季迫近,或急需搶種下茬作物,或品種易落粒、折稈、掉穗、穗上發(fā)芽等情況,應(yīng)適當(dāng)提前收獲。
 
  三、機(jī)收作業(yè)質(zhì)量要求
 
  機(jī)收作業(yè)時(shí)應(yīng)嚴(yán)格按下表中作業(yè)質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)執(zhí)行。
 
 

 

 
  四、減少收獲損失的措施
 
  (一)檢查作業(yè)田塊
 
  玉米收獲機(jī)在進(jìn)入地塊收獲前,必須先了解地塊的基本情況,包括玉米品種、種植行距、密度、成熟度、產(chǎn)量水平、最低結(jié)穗高度、果穗下垂及莖稈倒伏情況,是否需要人工開(kāi)道、清理地頭、摘除倒伏玉米等,以便提前制定作業(yè)計(jì)劃。對(duì)地塊中的溝渠、田埂、通道等予以平整,并將地里水井、電桿拉線、樹(shù)樁等不明顯障礙進(jìn)行標(biāo)記,以利于安全作業(yè)。根據(jù)地塊大小、形狀,選擇進(jìn)地和行走路線,以利于運(yùn)輸車裝車,盡量減少機(jī)車的進(jìn)地次數(shù)。
 
  (二)選擇作業(yè)行走路線
 
  收獲機(jī)作業(yè)時(shí)保持直線行駛,避免緊急轉(zhuǎn)向。在具體作業(yè)時(shí),機(jī)手應(yīng)根據(jù)地塊實(shí)際情況靈活選用。轉(zhuǎn)彎時(shí)應(yīng)停止收割,采用倒車法轉(zhuǎn)彎或兜圈法直角轉(zhuǎn)彎,不要邊收邊轉(zhuǎn)彎,以防分禾器、行走輪等壓倒未收獲的玉米,造成漏割損失,甚至損毀機(jī)器。選擇正確的收獲作業(yè)方向,應(yīng)盡量避免橫向收割,特別是在壟較高的田塊,橫向收割會(huì)造成機(jī)器大幅度顛簸,進(jìn)而加大收割損失,甚至造成機(jī)具故障。
 
  (三)選擇作業(yè)速度
 
  每種型號(hào)收獲機(jī)的喂入量是有一定限度的,應(yīng)根據(jù)玉米收獲機(jī)自身喂入量、玉米產(chǎn)量、植株密度、自然高度、干濕程度等因素選擇合理的作業(yè)速度。應(yīng)保證前進(jìn)速度與拉莖輥轉(zhuǎn)速、撥禾鏈速度同步,避免不同步造成的割臺(tái)落穗損失。通常情況下,開(kāi)始時(shí)先用低速收獲,然后適當(dāng)提高作業(yè)速度,最后采用正常作業(yè)速度進(jìn)行收獲,嚴(yán)禁為追求效率單方面提升前進(jìn)速度。收獲中注意觀察摘穗機(jī)構(gòu)、剝皮機(jī)構(gòu)等是否有堵塞情況。當(dāng)玉米稠密、植株大、產(chǎn)量高、行距寬窄不一(行距不規(guī)則)、地形起伏不定、早晚及雨后作物濕度大時(shí),應(yīng)適當(dāng)降低作業(yè)速度;低速行駛時(shí),不能降低發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速。晴天的中午前后,秸稈干燥,收獲機(jī)前進(jìn)速度可選擇快一些。嚴(yán)禁用行走擋進(jìn)行收獲作業(yè)。
 
  (四)調(diào)整作業(yè)幅寬或收獲行數(shù)
 
  在負(fù)荷允許、收割機(jī)技術(shù)狀態(tài)完好的情況下,控制好作業(yè)速度,盡量滿幅或接近滿幅工作,保證作物喂入均勻,防止喂入量過(guò)大,影響收獲質(zhì)量,增加損失率、破碎率。當(dāng)玉米行距寬窄不一,可不必滿割幅作業(yè),避免剮蹭相鄰行莖稈,導(dǎo)致植株倒折及果穗掉落,增加損失。
 
  (五)保持合適的留茬高度
 
  留茬高度應(yīng)根據(jù)玉米的高度和地塊的平整情況而定,一般留茬高度要小于8厘米,也可高留茬30—40厘米,后期再進(jìn)行秸稈處理。還田機(jī)作業(yè)時(shí),既要保證秸稈粉碎質(zhì)量,又應(yīng)避免還田刀具太低打土,造成損壞。采用保護(hù)性耕作技術(shù)種植的玉米,收獲時(shí)留茬高度盡可能控制在15—25厘米,以利于根茬固土,形成“風(fēng)墻”,起到防風(fēng)、降低地表風(fēng)速和阻擋秸稈堆積作用。如安裝滅茬機(jī)時(shí),應(yīng)確保滅茬刀具的入土深度,使滅茬深淺一致,以保證作業(yè)質(zhì)量。定期檢查切割粉碎質(zhì)量和留茬高度,根據(jù)情況隨時(shí)調(diào)整。
 
  (六)調(diào)整摘穗輥式摘穗機(jī)構(gòu)工作參數(shù)
 
  對(duì)于摘穗輥式的摘穗機(jī)構(gòu),收獲損失略大,籽粒破碎率偏高,尤其是在轉(zhuǎn)速過(guò)低時(shí),果穗與摘穗輥的接觸時(shí)間較長(zhǎng),玉米果穗被啃傷的幾率增加;摘穗輥轉(zhuǎn)速較高時(shí),果穗與摘穗輥的碰撞較為劇烈,玉米果穗被啃傷、落粒的幾率增加;因此應(yīng)合理選擇摘穗輥轉(zhuǎn)速,達(dá)到有效降低籽粒破碎率,減少籽粒損失的目的。當(dāng)摘穗輥的間隙過(guò)小時(shí),碾壓和斷莖稈的情況比較嚴(yán)重,而且會(huì)有較粗大的秸稈不能順利通過(guò)而產(chǎn)生堵塞;間隙過(guò)大時(shí)會(huì)啃傷果穗,并導(dǎo)致掉粒損失增加。因此,摘穗輥間隙應(yīng)根據(jù)玉米性狀特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行調(diào)整,適應(yīng)不同粗細(xì)的莖稈、果穗,以減少果穗、籽粒的損失。
 
  (七)調(diào)整拉莖輥與摘穗板組合式摘穗機(jī)構(gòu)工作參數(shù)
 
  兩個(gè)拉莖輥之間及兩塊摘穗板之間的間隙正確與否對(duì)減少損失、防止堵塞有很大影響,必須根據(jù)玉米品種、果穗大小、莖稈粗細(xì)等情況及時(shí)進(jìn)行調(diào)整。
 
  拉莖輥間隙調(diào)整:拉莖輥間隙是指拉莖輥凸筋與另一拉莖輥凹面外圓之間的間隙,一般取10—17毫米。當(dāng)莖稈粗、植株密度大,作物含水率高時(shí),間隙應(yīng)適當(dāng)大些,反之間隙應(yīng)小些。間隙過(guò)大時(shí)拉莖不充分、易堵塞,果穗損失增大;間隙過(guò)小,造成咬斷莖稈情況嚴(yán)重。
 
  摘穗板工作間隙的調(diào)整:間隙過(guò)小,會(huì)使大量的玉米葉、莖稈碎段混入玉米果穗中,含雜較大;間隙過(guò)大,會(huì)造成果穗損傷、籽粒損失增大。應(yīng)根據(jù)被收玉米性狀特點(diǎn)找到理想的摘穗板工作間隙。
 
  (八)調(diào)整剝皮裝置
 
  對(duì)摘穗剝皮型玉米收獲,要調(diào)整適宜壓送器與剝皮輥間距。間距過(guò)小時(shí),玉米果穗與剝皮輥的摩擦力大、剝凈率高,但果穗易堵塞,果穗損傷率、落粒率均高。剝皮輥傾角一般取10—12度,傾角過(guò)小果穗作用時(shí)間長(zhǎng),損傷率、落粒率均高。
 
  (九)調(diào)整脫粒、清選等工作部件
 
  玉米籽粒直收時(shí),建議采用縱軸流脫粒滾筒配合圓桿式凹板結(jié)構(gòu)降低籽粒破碎。脫粒滾筒的轉(zhuǎn)速、脫粒間隙和輸送葉片角度的大小,是影響玉米脫凈率、破碎率的重要因素。在保證破碎率不超標(biāo)的前提下,可通過(guò)適當(dāng)提高脫粒滾筒的轉(zhuǎn)速,減小滾筒與凹板之間的間隙,正確調(diào)整入口與出口間隙之比等措施,提高脫凈率,減少脫粒損失和破碎。
 
  清選損失和含雜率是對(duì)立的,調(diào)整中要統(tǒng)籌考慮。在保證含雜率不超標(biāo)的前提下,可通過(guò)適當(dāng)減小風(fēng)扇風(fēng)量、調(diào)大篩子的開(kāi)度及提高尾篩位置等,減少清選損失。作業(yè)中要經(jīng)常檢查逐稿器機(jī)箱內(nèi)秸稈堵塞情況,及時(shí)清理。軸流滾筒可適當(dāng)減小喂入量和提高滾筒轉(zhuǎn)速,以減少分離損失。
 
  (十)收割過(guò)熟作物
 
  玉米過(guò)度成熟時(shí),莖稈過(guò)干易折斷、果穗易脫落,脫粒后碎莖稈增加易引起分離困難,收獲時(shí)應(yīng)適當(dāng)降低前行速度,適當(dāng)調(diào)整清選篩開(kāi)度,也可安排在早晨或傍晚莖稈韌性較大時(shí)收割。
 
  (十一)收割倒伏作物
 
  (1)適宜機(jī)具選擇。收獲倒伏玉米宜選用割臺(tái)長(zhǎng)度長(zhǎng)、傾角小、分禾器尖能夠貼地作業(yè)的玉米收獲機(jī)。對(duì)于有積水或土壤濕度大的地塊,宜選用履帶式收獲機(jī),防止陷車。(2)做好機(jī)具調(diào)試改裝。適當(dāng)調(diào)整或改裝輥式分禾器、鏈?zhǔn)捷o助喂入和撥指式喂入等裝置,提高倒伏作物喂入的流暢性;針對(duì)籽粒收獲機(jī),應(yīng)調(diào)整滾筒轉(zhuǎn)速和凹板間隙等,避免過(guò)度揉搓,減少高水分籽粒破損。(3)合理確定作業(yè)方式。對(duì)于倒伏方向與種植行平行的玉米植株宜采取逆向?qū)π惺斋@方式,并空轉(zhuǎn)返回,有利于扶起倒伏玉米進(jìn)行收割;對(duì)于倒伏方向不一致的玉米植株宜采取往復(fù)對(duì)行收獲作業(yè)方式。作業(yè)時(shí)收獲機(jī)分禾器前部應(yīng)在壟溝內(nèi)貼近地面,并斷開(kāi)秸稈還田裝置動(dòng)力或?qū)⒃撗b置提升至最高位置,防止漏收玉米果穗被打碎,方便人工撿拾,減少收獲損失。收獲作業(yè)時(shí)應(yīng)適當(dāng)降低收獲速度確保正常作業(yè)性能,及時(shí)清理割臺(tái),防止倒伏玉米植株不規(guī)則喂入等原因造成的堵塞,影響作業(yè)效果加大作業(yè)損失。
 
  (十二)坡地收獲
 
  采用螺旋式分禾器,或者安裝分離裝置格柵蓋來(lái)改善分離效果,提高機(jī)器在坡地上的作業(yè)性能。使用割臺(tái)時(shí),在不漏割矮穗的前提下,盡可能提高作物的切割高度。
 
  (十三)規(guī)范作業(yè)操作
 
  駕駛員應(yīng)隨時(shí)觀察收獲期作業(yè)狀況,避免發(fā)生分禾器/摘穗機(jī)構(gòu)碰撞硬物、漏收、喂入量過(guò)大、還田機(jī)錘爪打土等異?,F(xiàn)象。作業(yè)過(guò)程中不得隨意停車,若需停車時(shí),應(yīng)先停止機(jī)器前進(jìn),讓收獲機(jī)繼續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)30秒左右,然后再切斷動(dòng)力,以減少再次啟動(dòng)時(shí)發(fā)生果穗斷裂和籽粒破碎的現(xiàn)象。
 
  五、培訓(xùn)與監(jiān)督
 
  機(jī)手、種植戶和從事收獲質(zhì)量監(jiān)督的鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)農(nóng)機(jī)管理人員應(yīng)經(jīng)過(guò)培訓(xùn),掌握玉米品種、籽粒含水率、種植模式、收割地形等方面的知識(shí),掌握收獲機(jī)的正確使用、維護(hù)保養(yǎng)知識(shí)以及作業(yè)質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求。鼓勵(lì)種植戶與機(jī)手簽訂收獲作業(yè)損失協(xié)議,農(nóng)機(jī)管理人員可通過(guò)巡回檢查監(jiān)督作業(yè)損失等情況,并在損失偏大或出現(xiàn)其它不合乎要求情形時(shí),要求機(jī)手調(diào)整,仍然不合要求的,應(yīng)更換作業(yè)機(jī)器。
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