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2020年黃淮海夏玉米生產(chǎn)技術(shù)意見(jiàn)

2020-06-08 10:25:22 來(lái)源：全國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心 閱讀量：19024 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀：黃淮海地區(qū)是我國(guó)夏播玉米優(yōu)勢(shì)產(chǎn)區(qū)之一，常年夏玉米種植面積2億畝左右。當(dāng)前，黃淮海地區(qū)冬小麥正由南向北陸續(xù)成熟收獲，夏玉米即將搶時(shí)播種。針對(duì)今年黃淮海地區(qū)的自然資源條件和資源稟賦，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部玉米專家指導(dǎo)組會(huì)同全國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心，制定了2020年黃淮海夏玉米生產(chǎn)技術(shù)意見(jiàn)。

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 熱點(diǎn)關(guān)注】 黃淮海地區(qū)是我國(guó)夏播玉米優(yōu)勢(shì)產(chǎn)區(qū)之一，常年夏玉米種植面積2億畝左右。當(dāng)前，黃淮海地區(qū)冬小麥正由南向北陸續(xù)成熟收獲，夏玉米即將搶時(shí)播種。針對(duì)今年黃淮海地區(qū)的自然資源條件和資源稟賦，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部玉米專家指導(dǎo)組會(huì)同全國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心，制定了2020年黃淮海夏玉米生產(chǎn)技術(shù)意見(jiàn)。
 
　　一是調(diào)整布局，優(yōu)化結(jié)構(gòu)。根據(jù)市場(chǎng)需求并結(jié)合各地生產(chǎn)實(shí)際，調(diào)整和優(yōu)化玉米種植結(jié)構(gòu)，因地制宜發(fā)展青貯玉米、鮮食玉米，開(kāi)展玉米與其他作物(大豆、花生等)間套作等。
 
　　二是優(yōu)選良種，精選種子。科學(xué)選用適宜當(dāng)?shù)胤N植、熟期適宜、耐密抗倒、抗逆廣適、高產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)的玉米良種。黃淮海北部地區(qū)要選擇熟期早、耐旱性強(qiáng)的品種；黃淮海南部地區(qū)選用中熟期、抗銹病、耐高溫強(qiáng)的品種。籽粒直收的地塊，選用早熟、抗倒、脫水快、適宜機(jī)械籽粒直收的品種。選購(gòu)高質(zhì)量包衣種子，確保滿足機(jī)械單粒精量播種要求。
 
　　三是搶時(shí)早播，一播全苗。前茬作物收獲后及時(shí)搶播夏玉米，中南部爭(zhēng)取在6月15日前、北部在6月20日前完成播種，采用機(jī)械精量播種機(jī)60厘米等行距貼茬直播。墑情不足播種時(shí)，要及時(shí)澆“蒙頭水”，確保一播全苗。
 
　　四是合理密植，優(yōu)化群體。根據(jù)品種特性及生產(chǎn)條件等確定適宜種植密度。一般地塊畝保苗4000—4500株，耐密品種和高產(chǎn)田適當(dāng)提高密度。對(duì)種植密度偏大、生長(zhǎng)過(guò)旺地塊，以及風(fēng)災(zāi)倒伏頻發(fā)地區(qū)，可在拔節(jié)期至小喇叭口期酌情噴施植物生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)劑，提高植株抗倒伏能力，預(yù)防倒伏。
 
　　五是防控病蟲，化學(xué)除草。加強(qiáng)玉米病蟲害特別是草地貪夜蛾等突發(fā)性、暴食性、流行性病蟲害動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)和預(yù)報(bào)預(yù)警，開(kāi)展綠色防控。玉米播后、出苗前及時(shí)進(jìn)行化學(xué)封閉除草，或在苗期(三葉一心至五葉期)選用適宜除草劑進(jìn)行苗后除草。規(guī)范噴藥時(shí)機(jī)、方法和用量，避免重噴、漏噴和發(fā)生藥害，提高除草效果。
 
　　六是科學(xué)管理，肥水高效。前茬小麥秸稈還田地塊以施氮肥為主，配合一定數(shù)量鉀肥，并補(bǔ)施適量微肥，其中1/3氮肥和全部鉀肥、微肥隨播種側(cè)深施，其余2/3氮肥于小喇叭口期前后機(jī)械側(cè)深施(10厘米左右)。也可采用種、肥異位同播，選用高質(zhì)量專用控釋肥一次底深施。施肥后，若土壤墑情不足應(yīng)及時(shí)澆水，有條件的推廣水肥一體化，減少化肥使用，提高水肥利用效率。
 
　　七是加強(qiáng)監(jiān)測(cè)，防災(zāi)減災(zāi)。加強(qiáng)干旱、高溫、臺(tái)風(fēng)等災(zāi)害監(jiān)測(cè)預(yù)警。關(guān)鍵生育時(shí)期遭遇高溫天氣和嚴(yán)重干旱，應(yīng)及時(shí)進(jìn)行灌溉；遭遇澇漬，應(yīng)及時(shí)排水。通過(guò)種植耐熱品種和及時(shí)灌溉，以及葉面噴施微肥等措施，防御高溫?zé)岷Α?br /> 
　　八是適時(shí)收獲，高產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)。玉米完熟后(籽粒乳線消失、黑層出現(xiàn))再收獲，并在不影響下茬小麥播期情況下，適時(shí)晚收。機(jī)械收獲果穗或直收籽粒，收獲后及時(shí)晾曬或烘干，以防霉變，提高產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)。

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