山東省棉花生產(chǎn)全程機(jī)械化示范基地大災(zāi)之年實(shí)現(xiàn)高產(chǎn)

2019-10-10 08:35:46 來源：山東省農(nóng)機(jī)推廣站 閱讀量：15109 評(píng)論

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 熱點(diǎn)關(guān)注】 山東植棉歷史悠久，八十年代曾是全國(guó)植棉面積大的省份，十年前種植面積也在1300萬畝左右，而2018年山東省植棉面積僅為275萬畝(國(guó)家統(tǒng)計(jì)局)，棉花生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化水平低、生產(chǎn)資料和人工成本增加、植棉效益差等均是棉花面積銳減的主要原因。為了推動(dòng)山東省傳統(tǒng)植棉向規(guī)?；?、機(jī)械化、輕簡(jiǎn)化發(fā)展，山東省農(nóng)機(jī)推廣部門和棉花科研院所強(qiáng)強(qiáng)聯(lián)合，自2012年就開始借鑒新疆棉花生產(chǎn)全程機(jī)械化植棉技術(shù)，在黃河三角洲濱海鹽堿地植棉區(qū)域開展機(jī)采種植模式全程機(jī)械化技術(shù)示范和推廣。目前全省采用機(jī)采種植模式的植棉面積約16萬畝，實(shí)際機(jī)采面積3萬余畝。2018年，在農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部主要農(nóng)作物生產(chǎn)全程機(jī)械化專家指導(dǎo)組棉花專業(yè)組的指導(dǎo)下，山東省在無棣縣景國(guó)農(nóng)機(jī)合作社和無棣牧禾農(nóng)機(jī)服務(wù)專業(yè)合作聯(lián)社開展棉花生產(chǎn)全程機(jī)械化技術(shù)示范各100畝，采取機(jī)械深耕深松、激光整平土地、膜下滴灌、衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航施肥和膜上打孔播種、機(jī)械采收等技術(shù)措施。通過兩年的試驗(yàn)示范取得了明顯的增產(chǎn)增收增效，2018年無棣縣牧禾農(nóng)機(jī)服務(wù)合作聯(lián)合社示范取得了籽棉單產(chǎn)354.1千克/畝的高產(chǎn)，比常規(guī)種植增產(chǎn)30%～40%。在2018年全程機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上，2019年，我們擴(kuò)大試驗(yàn)示范面積至500余畝，并輻射帶動(dòng)周邊推廣機(jī)采模式種植達(dá)到6000萬畝。在棉花前期干旱無雨的條件下，滴灌設(shè)施為棉花生產(chǎn)打下了豐產(chǎn)的基礎(chǔ)。由于8月份受到“利奇馬”臺(tái)風(fēng)影響，棉花倒伏嚴(yán)重、伏桃損失一半以上，“水肥一體化”的科學(xué)應(yīng)用減少了棉鈴脫落，保證了成鈴數(shù)量，棉花生產(chǎn)仍實(shí)現(xiàn)了豐產(chǎn)的目標(biāo)，經(jīng)專家測(cè)產(chǎn)，景國(guó)農(nóng)機(jī)合作社示范點(diǎn)畝產(chǎn)籽棉330.08千克，牧禾農(nóng)機(jī)服務(wù)專業(yè)合作聯(lián)社示范點(diǎn)畝產(chǎn)籽棉316.40千克。比周邊常規(guī)種植增產(chǎn)50%以上。根據(jù)測(cè)產(chǎn)專家分析，若無臺(tái)風(fēng)影響兩塊試驗(yàn)田的產(chǎn)量均在400千克/畝以上。
 
　　棉花生產(chǎn)全程機(jī)械化技術(shù)的核心是采用76厘米等行距種植，地膜覆蓋精量播種，采用水肥一體化灌溉技術(shù)，增加棉花播種密度，通過水肥藥(生物生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)劑)綜合調(diào)控，把棉花的密度提上來、株高降下去，單株結(jié)鈴雖有減少，但群體成鈴大大增加，實(shí)現(xiàn)了集中吐絮、豐產(chǎn)、機(jī)械收獲的目標(biāo)。采用全程機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)，用工大幅度下降，作業(yè)效率和質(zhì)量顯著提高，比常規(guī)作業(yè)減少用工5個(gè)左右，可有效降低生產(chǎn)成本，提高棉花生產(chǎn)效益。棉花全程機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)是我國(guó)棉產(chǎn)業(yè)振興的必由之路。

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