黑龍江水稻機(jī)插秧同步側(cè)深施肥技術(shù)階段試驗(yàn)

2019-05-07 09:19:19 來源：黑龍江省農(nóng)機(jī)化技術(shù)推廣總站? 閱讀量：12926 評論

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 地方農(nóng)機(jī)】水稻側(cè)深施肥技術(shù)是農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部2018年發(fā)布的十項(xiàng)重大性農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)之一。為了探索適合黑龍江省的水稻機(jī)插秧同步側(cè)深施肥技術(shù)模式，減少水稻化肥使用量，提高水稻生產(chǎn)效益，2018年，黑龍江省農(nóng)機(jī)化技術(shù)推廣總站選擇方正縣、樺南縣、綏濱縣、建三江創(chuàng)業(yè)農(nóng)場等4個基礎(chǔ)較好的縣(場)，開展了該技術(shù)的階段性試驗(yàn)。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明，在比較肥沃的老稻田季使用該技術(shù)，減少化肥使用量10%的情況下，4個試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)的水稻都有一定的增產(chǎn)。
 
　　一、試驗(yàn)背景
 
　　水稻側(cè)深施肥技術(shù)是通過插秧機(jī)加裝施肥裝置，在機(jī)插秧作業(yè)的同時，一次性完成開溝、施肥、覆土等作業(yè)，把肥料施在秧苗側(cè)部一定深度土壤中的機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)技術(shù)。一般施肥深度為4～5cm，多選用緩控復(fù)合肥，以平衡水稻全生長期的養(yǎng)分供應(yīng)。傳統(tǒng)水稻機(jī)插秧施肥方法是在水稻種植前將肥料人工撒施在水面上、或是整地時將肥料均勻攪拌于土壤中。與傳統(tǒng)方法相比，水稻側(cè)深施肥技術(shù)具有顯著提高肥料利用率、促進(jìn)水稻前期營養(yǎng)生長、降低成本、減輕勞動強(qiáng)度等優(yōu)勢。
 
　　二、試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)
 
　　根據(jù)黑龍江省部分地區(qū)的水稻機(jī)插秧側(cè)深施肥資料，省推廣總站設(shè)計(jì)了當(dāng)?shù)貍鹘y(tǒng)施肥量和傳統(tǒng)施肥方式(CK)，以及在當(dāng)?shù)貍鹘y(tǒng)施肥量基礎(chǔ)上減少化肥用量10%(T1)、20%(T2)、30%(T2)三種采用側(cè)深施肥技術(shù)的試驗(yàn)方案。其他的各項(xiàng)管理措施保持一致。
 
　　四個試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)的稻田均為多年種植水稻的老稻田，當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)民反映土壤肥力中等偏上。
 
　　根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)亓?xí)慣，四個試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)選用的化肥分別是中化美農(nóng)緩控復(fù)合肥(氮磷鉀比例21-15-16)、中化萬福農(nóng)緩控復(fù)合肥(氮磷鉀比例21-15-16)、中農(nóng)欣欣生物肥(氮磷鉀比例14-12-14)、倍豐復(fù)合肥(氮磷鉀比例25-15-17)。
 
　　根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)厍闆r，使用的帶有側(cè)深施肥裝置的水稻插秧機(jī)主要有洋馬、久保田、大同和井關(guān)一體插秧機(jī)，配套的側(cè)深施肥裝置由龍舟、永祥和牡丹江研究所等單位研制生產(chǎn),施肥位置為水稻秧苗側(cè)部5cm，施肥深度5cm。
 
　　三、產(chǎn)量表現(xiàn)
 
　　各試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)各處理的稻谷產(chǎn)量如下表所示。可以看出，在中上等肥力的老稻田上使用機(jī)插秧側(cè)深施肥技術(shù)，即使減少30%的化肥用量，試驗(yàn)沒有出現(xiàn)普遍的明顯減產(chǎn)；減少化肥用量10%，都有比較明顯的增產(chǎn)。
 
　　當(dāng)然，由于化肥存在后效，這個結(jié)論可能只適用于季采用側(cè)深施肥技術(shù)的老稻田。是否可以長期減少化肥用量的10%或更高，還需要更長期的定位試驗(yàn)來驗(yàn)證。

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