城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程放緩 “農(nóng)民工”問(wèn)題解決正當(dāng)時(shí)

2018-02-08 15:43:36 來(lái)源：農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 閱讀量：48394 評(píng)論

　　【中國(guó)農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 本站原創(chuàng)】360行，你從事的職業(yè)是什么？銷售，碼農(nóng)，商人，記者，醫(yī)生等等。不管是什么行業(yè)，都“出沒(méi)”著一個(gè)不可忽視的群體，農(nóng)民工。
 
　　農(nóng)民工：有著農(nóng)村戶口，但卻在城市工作。百度百科這樣解釋，說(shuō)“當(dāng)今媒體對(duì)農(nóng)民工存在一定的誤解，以為農(nóng)民工就是搞建筑的。其實(shí)大錯(cuò)特錯(cuò)。因?yàn)閺霓r(nóng)村來(lái)到城里打工有各行各業(yè)，有些白領(lǐng)也是農(nóng)業(yè)戶口，只是他們學(xué)歷高一點(diǎn)從事白領(lǐng)工作。有些總經(jīng)理也是農(nóng)村來(lái)的，還沒(méi)落戶也叫‘農(nóng)民工’。”
 
　　雖然農(nóng)民工的定義范圍廣泛，但并沒(méi)有人稱醫(yī)生為“醫(yī)生工”，稱老師為“老師工”等等。從這一角度來(lái)看，社會(huì)對(duì)于農(nóng)民工的定位還是狹隘的指文化水平較低的農(nóng)民進(jìn)工地或工廠干活的群體。其實(shí)針對(duì)這些狹隘定義的“農(nóng)民工”問(wèn)題，在建國(guó)后三四十年前表現(xiàn)得尚不明顯，但隨著城市化進(jìn)程的推進(jìn)，貧富差距額逐漸拉大，越來(lái)越多的農(nóng)民脫離農(nóng)業(yè)、走出農(nóng)村。隨之而來(lái)的城市與鄉(xiāng)村的矛盾日漸突出，農(nóng)民工問(wèn)題也普遍受到社會(huì)關(guān)注。
 
　　據(jù)一些關(guān)于農(nóng)民工的調(diào)查顯示，認(rèn)為農(nóng)民進(jìn)城就業(yè)，會(huì)加劇城市居民的就業(yè)矛盾，城市勞動(dòng)力失業(yè)給城市政府帶來(lái)的成本十分巨大，而農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力找不到工作多也只是回家種田，因此，部分政府也會(huì)出現(xiàn)反對(duì)農(nóng)民進(jìn)城的聲音，這樣城市對(duì)農(nóng)民工的政策福利難免會(huì)有缺失。
 
　　盡管城市對(duì)于農(nóng)民工的政策福利不完善，但國(guó)家統(tǒng)計(jì)局?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)顯示，農(nóng)民工數(shù)量依然在增加。2016 年農(nóng)民工總量達(dá)到 28171 萬(wàn)人，比上年增加 424 萬(wàn)人，增速比上年加快 0.2 個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。但值得注意的是，雖然農(nóng)民工總數(shù)在增加，但是外出農(nóng)民工的數(shù)量卻一直在減少。數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2016年在外出農(nóng)民工中比上年減少 157 萬(wàn)人，增速逐年放緩。
 
　　國(guó)家統(tǒng)計(jì)局農(nóng)民工監(jiān)測(cè)調(diào)查報(bào)告顯示，農(nóng)民工收入增速持續(xù)下滑，生活成本卻在不斷提高，很大程度上影響了農(nóng)民工的選擇。相比在城市務(wù)工，農(nóng)村鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)在增多，很多農(nóng)民工更愿意返鄉(xiāng)就業(yè)。另外，很多農(nóng)民工離開(kāi)城市，與城市對(duì)外來(lái)人口的嚴(yán)格限制有關(guān)，沒(méi)有本地戶口的話，很難獲得只給本地人的福利待遇。
 
　　從多方數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)看，我國(guó)進(jìn)城農(nóng)民工的數(shù)量增長(zhǎng)已經(jīng)大力減弱，城鎮(zhèn)化速度今后可能會(huì)放緩。城鎮(zhèn)化速度放緩，鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)發(fā)展速度或許會(huì)加快。目前國(guó)家已經(jīng)大力出臺(tái)了一些列支持鼓勵(lì)大學(xué)生、農(nóng)民、企業(yè)家等返鄉(xiāng)創(chuàng)業(yè)的利好政策，而對(duì)于想要在城市落戶的農(nóng)民來(lái)說(shuō)，今年以“鄉(xiāng)村振興”為主題的“一號(hào)文件”可謂是給足了福利。
 
　　2018年2月4號(hào)公布的“2018年的一號(hào)文件”明確提出，“維護(hù)進(jìn)城落戶農(nóng)民土地承包權(quán)、宅基地使用權(quán)、集體收益分配權(quán)。文件也提出，引導(dǎo)進(jìn)城落戶農(nóng)民依法自愿有償轉(zhuǎn)讓上述權(quán)益。其中，‘依法’、‘自愿’、‘有償’是關(guān)鍵，對(duì)違背文件精神的無(wú)理要求，農(nóng)民可以說(shuō)‘不’。”
 
　　在我國(guó)工業(yè)化、城市化、現(xiàn)代化快速發(fā)展的進(jìn)程中，社會(huì)對(duì)農(nóng)民工的虧欠和關(guān)懷太缺失，如今城鎮(zhèn)化速度放緩，國(guó)家也將鄉(xiāng)村振興戰(zhàn)略寫進(jìn)“中央一號(hào)”文件，讓億萬(wàn)農(nóng)民工有了新的期望。
 
 
　　資料來(lái)源：中國(guó)社科院，界面新聞
 

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