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“糞大水勤，不用問(wèn)人” 你還在相信這句農(nóng)諺嗎？

2017-12-12 14:12:29 來(lái)源：中國(guó)農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 作者：秋雨 閱讀量：52171 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀：土地是基礎(chǔ)的自然資源和經(jīng)濟(jì)要素。我國(guó)土地資源豐富，但耕地、林地少，難利用土地多，后備土地資源不足，特別是人與耕地的矛盾尤為突出，人均土地資源占有量小。

　　【中國(guó)農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 本站原創(chuàng)】土地是基礎(chǔ)的自然資源和經(jīng)濟(jì)要素。我國(guó)土地資源豐富，但耕地、林地少，難利用土地多，后備土地資源不足，特別是人與耕地的矛盾尤為突出，人均土地資源占有量小。
 
　　十八大以來(lái)，我國(guó)主動(dòng)適應(yīng)、把握、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展新常態(tài)，堅(jiān)持問(wèn)題導(dǎo)向，完善制度政策，深入推進(jìn)供給側(cè)結(jié)構(gòu)性改革，土地資源管護(hù)和供給水平明顯提升。通過(guò)創(chuàng)新耕地保護(hù)機(jī)制、推進(jìn)土地整治和高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)農(nóng)田建設(shè)，構(gòu)建起數(shù)量、質(zhì)量、生態(tài)“三位一體”的耕地保護(hù)新格局，牢牢守住18億畝耕地紅線(xiàn)。但我國(guó)土地供給管理仍面臨一些問(wèn)題和挑戰(zhàn)，土地資源合理利用和保護(hù)觀(guān)念不強(qiáng)。
 
　　“糞大水勤，不用問(wèn)人”，農(nóng)諺不靠譜
 

 
　　“肥水不流外人田”雖是一句俏皮話(huà)，但從農(nóng)業(yè)角度來(lái)看，這其實(shí)是一個(gè)很常見(jiàn)的事實(shí)。上世紀(jì)60年代，農(nóng)家肥在我國(guó)小農(nóng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的生產(chǎn)方式下可以說(shuō)是一個(gè)補(bǔ)充土壤氮元素缺乏的重要途徑。所謂“肥水不留外人田”，如果自家剛上好的“肥水”若是流到別處，很可能就會(huì)面臨著來(lái)年糧食減產(chǎn)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。但是隨著氮肥的使用，我國(guó)基本告別農(nóng)家肥，并且多數(shù)省份的農(nóng)耕地都呈現(xiàn)氮盈余的狀態(tài)，其中以山東、江蘇和廣東珠三角甚。
 
　　春耕、秋種之時(shí)，田地里的化肥多撒一把，表面上看起來(lái)微不足道，但是等隔壁水塘里的水華*泛濫的時(shí)候就凸顯出了化肥過(guò)量使用的嚴(yán)重性了。整個(gè)生態(tài)環(huán)境都是一個(gè)大的循環(huán)，農(nóng)業(yè)、工業(yè)、生活密不可分。當(dāng)農(nóng)田、工業(yè)廢水、生活污水中大量的氮磷元素經(jīng)雨水，或農(nóng)田灌溉進(jìn)入地表水，會(huì)引起藻類(lèi)的大量滋生，在海水中形成赤潮，淡水水域就是水華。
 
　　在國(guó)家對(duì)于18億畝耕地紅線(xiàn)的堅(jiān)守下，土地資源的持續(xù)發(fā)展顯得尤為重要，然而不科學(xué)的使用化肥將會(huì)讓土地更加貧瘠。由于施肥不只是單獨(dú)的氮磷鉀而是它們的化合物，長(zhǎng)期下來(lái)，土壤中會(huì)越來(lái)越多的堆積植物沒(méi)有吸收的元素，而只施用化肥不施用有機(jī)肥會(huì)造成一系列土壤問(wèn)題：如：土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)減少，土壤板結(jié)，土壤菌群減少等等。
 
　　想要作物高產(chǎn)，施肥是方向
 
　　肥料本身并不會(huì)傷害土壤。植物以不同方式從土壤中吸收養(yǎng)分，使土壤養(yǎng)分減少，連續(xù)種植會(huì)使土壤貧瘠，為了保持土壤肥力，就必須把植物帶走的養(yǎng)分歸還給土壤，這樣才能保證土壤的肥力，延長(zhǎng)使用期。
 
　　近年來(lái)，農(nóng)業(yè)不再是不可企及，并且還會(huì)是現(xiàn)代化農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的重要方向。農(nóng)用植保飛防無(wú)人機(jī)不僅可以、均勻的控制農(nóng)藥用量，還可以檢測(cè)植物生長(zhǎng)區(qū)域土壤肥力的狀況，結(jié)合檢測(cè)結(jié)果，施肥；“農(nóng)業(yè)大腦”的研發(fā)更是解決農(nóng)民化肥如何科學(xué)施用的難題；已在北方大田作物主產(chǎn)區(qū)推廣使用的“減肥增效”技術(shù)，可有效調(diào)節(jié)土壤酸堿平衡，并提高氮肥利用率50%以上。
 
　　來(lái)自國(guó)家數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計(jì)顯示，近五年來(lái)我國(guó)氮肥的使用量逐年下降，2015年農(nóng)用氮肥施用折純量2361.57萬(wàn)噸。但是，化肥使用總量依然逐年上漲，其中，復(fù)合肥的使用量上漲多，從2014年的2115.81萬(wàn)噸上升到2015年的2175.69萬(wàn)噸，鉀肥從641.94萬(wàn)噸上升到642.28萬(wàn)噸。
 
　　在農(nóng)業(yè)供給側(cè)深入改革的階段，要想得到有效的推進(jìn)，除了國(guó)家的宏觀(guān)調(diào)控之外，農(nóng)民也得轉(zhuǎn)變發(fā)展觀(guān)念。通過(guò)施化肥、打農(nóng)藥、單純追求產(chǎn)量增長(zhǎng)的生產(chǎn)方式，已經(jīng)不符合時(shí)代的潮流。農(nóng)民在調(diào)整種植結(jié)構(gòu)，提升經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的同時(shí)，還要學(xué)習(xí)應(yīng)用新興職業(yè)農(nóng)民所具備的科學(xué)技術(shù)和科學(xué)素養(yǎng)，從源頭保護(hù)農(nóng)業(yè)土地資源，延長(zhǎng)農(nóng)業(yè)耕地使用年限，促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)綠色持續(xù)發(fā)展。
 
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